Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 1-32. 2009.
Wound Healing Plants of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State, India
1M.Z. Chopda and 2R.T. Mahajan
1Post Graduate Department of Zoology
2Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology
Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon – 425001
Issued 04 January 2009
Abstract
Jalgaon District of Maharashtra state (India) has a great heritage and rich in various green and semi evergreen species. Record of 3347 species from 201 families appeared in earlier literature from Jalgaon District. A list of 283 wound healing plants of Indian origin is compiled; out of these 224 plants are native of Maharashtra, a 131 plants among them occurred in Jalgaon District, which are in practice by local herbalist, Vaidyas and non-registered medical practitioners and Mukhiya (Head) of tribal community. Taxonomical distribution showed 93.63% dicot and 6.37% monocot and a single aquatic plant. The investigation revealed that wound healing natural products usually localized in root (27% ) > leaves (20%) > stem > seed > whole plant > fruit > flower > rhizome > tuber > shoot > stamen > grain > gall > filament and plant product like latex (46%), oil (40%) , gum and resin (7%) as evident from this survey. Most of the remedies consisted of either single plant part or combination. Methods of preparation varies and they are species specific viz: plant parts applied as a paste, juice extracted from the fresh plant parts, powder made from fresh or dried plant parts, some fresh plant parts, and decoction. In this study the most dominant family was Leguminosae and roots were most frequently used for wound healing. Here an attempt has also been made to work out on plants belonging to Jalgaon District in order to exploit them for preparation of ointment that can be used both in human and domestic animals.
Keywords: Wound healing, Traditional Medicinal plants, Jalgaon District
Introduction
The Indian traditional system of medicine is based on pragmatic facts of the observations and the experience over millennia. More than 1200 diseases are mentioned in different classical texts. Traditional medicine, being a significant element in the cultural patrimony, still remains the main choice for a large majority of people for treating various diseases and ailments. Management in various forms of diseases like Diabetes, Cardiovascular disorders, hepato-protective, antibacterial, antifungal and wound healing etc. are made with more than 1000 medicinal plants (89.93%); 58 minerals, metals, or ores (5.24%); and 54 animal and marine products (4.86%)1. Figure 1 depicts the process of wound healing phenomenon.
Figure 1. The process of wound healing pathogenesis.
As per modern medicine certain essential polypeptides of the low concentration present in animal serum, called Growth Factors6, which control cell proliferation. However, a recent study reveals that some of these growth factors may have serious untoward effects such as carcinogenesis7. Classical management of wounds follows various therapeutic steps, starting with an aseptic dressing and ending with the rehabilitation of the normal structure and function8. These therapeutic measures were aimed not only to accelerate the healing process but also to maintain the quality and aesthetics of the healing. As described in different literature, 70% of the wound healing drugs are of plant origin, 20% of mineral origin, and the remaining 10% consisting of animal products9. These drugs are stated to be effective in different conditions such as wounds, ulcers, sinuses, abscess, syphilitic ulcers, and maggots in wounds, septic wounds, and inflammatory changes of wounds, cellulitis, purulative ulcer, diabetic carbuncle, and fistula-in-ano. The plants are used as first aids, washing of wounds, extraction of pus, as coagulants and for infected wounds. Scientific investigations have been carried out to assess the wound healing properties of the some drugs. This paper is a review of some of the plant medicines used by the tribal community and rural people, possesses unique untold information about plants. This knowledge is being eternally handed down from generation to generation. The objective of this study is to interact with local traditional healers and document their knowledge on medicinal plants and their widespread uses.
Background of study
Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for as long as history has been recorded. China, India, and Egypt appear to have been the places which cradled the use of herbs, but herbalism was common in India. A great variety of plants are used for medicinal treatments. Either the dried plant, or a specific part of it (root, leaves, fruit, flowers, seeds), these recipes are prepared using different ingredients of non-plant origin such as water, salt, honey, etc. in modern way it is formulated into suitable preparations viz. tablets, pills, extracts, tinctures, lotions, ointments, creams, etc. The first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents was depicted in the cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, which have been radiocarbon-dated 13,000 to 25,000 BC11. The first authentic record of Khandesh plants is to be found in the flora of the Bombay presidency 12. Species found in Ayuervedic and Unani systems of Medicine, together with those used as popular village remedies have been mentioned in Gazetteer of Bombay state13. Surveys on flora of Khandesh region were restricted only with Botanical or Taxonomical point of view (singh 2001) (Table 2)27 however our survey reports medicinal uses of the same flora.
Table 1. Flora of Maharashatra state: Statistics.
Group |
Families |
Genera |
Species |
Subspecies |
Verities |
Sub varieties |
Monocotyledons |
34 |
256 |
913 |
03 |
39 |
01 |
Dicotyledons |
167 |
841 |
2221 |
25 |
137 |
00 |
Total |
201 |
1097 |
3134 |
28 |
176 |
01 |
On utilizing them properly, they may be used to control the diseases like, Jaundice, Diabetes, Malaria, Arthritis, Diarrhea, Hypertension, and Wound healing. Laticiferous plant Euphorbia nerifolia Linn reported as wound healer by Rasik (1996). Bhattarai (1997) lists 42 plant species used in wound treatment in Nepal, and of these eight are listed as haemostats. Admirable activity of Hemigraphis colorata (Blume) H.G. leaf on wound healing and inflammation in mice was observed by Subramoniam (2001). A review on wound healing plants documented by Biswas (2003) quote 164 plants. Splendid action of Tagetes erecta Linn leaves was established by Ghosh (2004). Aqueous and methanolic extract of Vernonia arborea (HK) showed remarkable activity for wound healing (Manjunatha, 2005). Recently Muthu (2006) has been reported 16 remedies against wound used by Kancheepuram tribal community. Holy basil plant Ocimum sanctum Linn exhibits outstanding action as antioxidant and wound healing property (Shetty, 2007). Ethnomedicinal importance of flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts has been mentioned in literature14 gives number of plants for various diseases out of these 36 numbers of plants as wound healing. Parallel work with listing of wound healing plants of Indigenous origin has been carried out by us where we found 131 plants of them belonging to the Jalgaon District. This paper reports an ethnobiological study with the aim to identify medicinal plants used in the treatment of wounds. An attempt has been made to congregate scanty information available in literature. A perusal of reported literature on the Khandesh flora prompted us to exploit them as a national prosperity.
Materials and Methods
Geographic Location of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India
Maharashtra encompasses an area of 3,07,713 km2 (9.4% of country) and is the third largest state15 in India. Maharashtra is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched in between. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast and lies at Latitude : 20.00 N Longitude : 76.00 E The total forest cover of Maharashatra is 61939 km2. This includes 28387 km2 of dense forest and 18478 km2 of open forest18. Of the total forest area of Maharashatra, 8196 km2 are under protected area (Figure 2)16,17,22 which includes 35 sanctuaries19, 5 National Parks20, and 26 Tiger reserve21. Jalgaon District in North Maharashatra with an Area 11757 km2and the forests in the district cover an area of 4,732.199 km2 of which 4,413.423 km2 and 318.776 km2 are under Forest and Revenue departments respectively. Of the total area 3,937.435 km2 constitute reserve forests and 794.764 km2 private forests23. Area under Irrigation 1, 21,000 hectares, Irrigation Projects Major-2 Medium-10 Minor-514 Imp. Projs.-2 - Upper Tapi and Hatnur. Languages/Dialects - Ahirani, Marathi. Folk-Arts Lavani, Tamasha, Gondhal. Weather Temperature- Max.-34.9 Deg. C. Min.-19.90 C. Rainfall-763.6 mm (Average), Main Crops Banana, cotton, sugarcane , oil seeds, pulses, Area under Horticulture 47424 hectares. The Jalgaon district is located 200-210N and 740-760 E. It is located in Northern part of Maharashtra State18. It is bounded on the north by Madhya Pradesh, on the east by Buldhana district, on the west by Nasik and Dhulia districts and on the south by Aurangabad district. It is a part of Deccan Uplands of the Maharashtra State; it is distinguished from the rest of the upland districts by its westward aspect.
Figure 2. Location of Study area (Jalgaon District, Maharashatra, India).
Plate 1. Panoramic view of Satpuda hill (at background) along with villagers and author.
Plate 2. Enquiry about Wound healing plants with aborigines of Yawal Tahsil of Jalgaon District.
Plate 3. Conversations with traditional practitioner about Wound healing plants.
While the rest of the upland region is drained by the major rivers to the east, the Tapi and its tributaries drain the Jalgaon region to the west towards Arabian Sea. The landscape is typically that of the Deccan lavas with residual hill ranges and broad valleys, with trap dykes introducing a sharp local contrast as small chains of hillocks. Thus Jalgaon includes varied topographical features and landscapes, consisting of wild hills and forests, rich gardens and groves, stretch of barren plain, low rolling rocky hills and tensely gullied (bad land) topography near major river banks. Regionally, from east to west, parallel with the Tapi, are three well marked belts of country; in the centre the rich Tapi valley, in the north the high and wild Satpuda, and in the south and south-west bare ridges and rich well-watered valleys flanked by the Ajanta range. Jalgaon district is divided in to 15 Tahsils. Among the unsettled tribes of Khandesh, the largest in number are the Bhils, who are regarded as the aboriginals originally spread all over Rajputana, Malva, and Gujarat and Central India but now found mostly in Khandesh, parts of Gujarat, and the Vindhya hills. Jalgaon district is known for its advances in horticulture. Cultivation and production of banana and cotton, especially by resorting to drip irrigation, has created a role model for cultivators in other parts of India. Bananas grown in the district are exported outside the State and to other countries. Mehrun village is famous for its unique bor (jubjube) 24. In this study data were collected through general conversation with the local traditional vaidyas, tribal communities and rural peoples. Surveyed information includes medicinal plants with their local names and parts used. The plants were listed by following book “The flora of Presidency of Bombay”12.
Result and discussion
The list is compiled on the basis of (i) Textual data (ii) References and Cross-references37, 38 (iii) Herbalist / non-medical practitioners (iv) Internet and web-sites. The plants used in the management of wounds as described in different literature are listed in Table 1 with local name, botanical name, family name, parts used.
Table 2. Medicinal plants of Wound Healing mentioned in different classical texts.
Sr. no. |
Name of the plant |
Habit |
Family |
Common name |
Part used |
1. |
Abies webbiana Lindl |
T |
Pinaceae |
Talisa |
L |
2. |
Abrus precalorius linn |
C |
Leguminosae |
Gunja,Kunch |
SD |
3. |
Acacia arebica Linn |
T |
Mimosaceae |
Babul |
ST,L,FU,SD |
4. |
Acacia catechu Willd |
T |
Mimosaceae |
Khadira |
ST |
5. |
Acacia chundra Roxb |
T |
Leguminosae |
Khadir |
ST, WH |
6. |
Acacia ferneiana Willd |
T |
Leguminosae |
Irimeda |
ST |
7. |
Acaylpha indica |
H |
Euphorbiaceae |
Khokali |
Leaves,bark |
8. |
Achyranthus aspera linn |
H |
Amaranthaceae |
Apamarga |
WH |
9. |
Achyranthus bdentata Blure |
H |
Amaranthaceae |
Raktapuspi |
WH |
10. |
Acorus calamus Linn |
H |
Araceae |
Bacha |
RH |
11. |
Adathoda vasica Nees |
S |
Acanthaceac |
Basak |
L |
12. |
Adiantum, lunulatum Burm |
H |
Polypopdiaceae |
Hansapdi |
L |
13. |
Aegle mermelos Corr |
T |
Rutaceae |
Bilwa |
L, ST |
14. |
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb |
S |
Rosaceae |
Belur, |
WH |
15. |
Albizzia lebbeck Benth |
T |
Leguminosae |
Shirisa |
ST |
16. |
Alstonia schlolaris Roxb |
T |
Apocynaceae |
Saptapama |
L, ST, ST |
17. |
Amomum subulatum Roxb |
T |
Zingiberaceae |
Bhadraila |
SD |
18. |
Anacardium occidentale Linn |
H |
Anacardiaceae |
Batad |
RT, ST, FU |
19. |
Anaphalis triplinervis Sims |
H |
Asteraceae |
Anans |
FL |
20. |
Andropogon muricantus Retz |
H |
Graminae |
Virana |
RT |
21. |
Andropogon squarnosus Hook.f. |
H |
Graminae |
Bena |
RT |
22. |
Angelica glauca Edgw |
T |
Umbellifarae |
Chorak |
RT |
23. |
Annona squemosa Linn |
T |
Annonaceae |
sitaphal |
RT, L,FU,SD |
24. |
Anogeisus latifolia Wall |
S |
Comberetaceae |
Dhava |
ST |
25. |
Anthocephalus cadamba Miq |
T |
Rubiaceae |
Kadamba |
ST |
26. |
Aquilaria agalocha Roxbg |
T |
Thymelaeaceae |
Aguru |
LX |
27. |
Argemone maxicana Linn |
H |
Papaveraceae |
Katuparni |
RT, LX |
28. |
Argyreiae speciosa Roxb |
C |
Convulvulaceae |
Samudrapalaka |
L |
29. |
Artemisia lciniata Willd |
S |
Asteraceae |
Khampa |
L, FU, FL, ST |
30. |
Artemisia vulgaris Linn |
S |
Asteraceae |
Damnak |
WH |
31. |
Artocorpus integrafolia Linn |
T |
Moraceae |
Panash |
RT, ST, FU |
32. |
Asclepias curasavica Linn |
H |
Asclepiadaceae |
Raktaphul |
RT, L |
33. |
Asparagus gonocladus Linn |
S |
Liliaceae |
Satmuli |
RT |
34. |
Asparagus racemosa Willd |
C |
Liliaceae |
Satavri |
RT |
35. |
Azadirachta indica A Juss |
T |
Meliaceae |
Nimba |
L,OL |
36. |
Balanites roxburghii Planch |
T |
Simaronbaceae |
Hingana |
ST |
37. |
Baliospermum monatanum Muell Arg. |
S |
Euphorbiceae |
Danti |
L |
38. |
Basia longlifolia Linn. |
T |
Sapotaceae |
Jalaja |
SD |
39. |
Bauhinia purpurea Linn |
T |
Leguminosae |
Lai-kovidar |
SB, FL, FU |
40. |
Berberis aristata D.C. |
H |
Berberidaceae |
Daruhald |
RT,ST |
41. |
Berberis asiatica Roxb |
H |
Berberidaceae |
Sumul |
RT |
42. |
Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. |
T |
Betulaceae |
In Birch |
ST |
43. |
Biophytum sensitivum Linn |
H |
Gerandaceae |
Lajalu |
SD |
44. |
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. |
H |
Nyctaginaceae |
Punarnava |
WH |
45. |
Bombusa arudinacea Willd |
T |
Graminae |
Vansha lochan |
ST, SH |
46. |
Boralia hispida Linn |
H |
Rubiaceae |
Madanghati |
RT |
47. |
Boschniakia himalaika Hook.f. |
S |
Scrophulariaceae |
Ganelu |
WH |
48. |
Boswellia serrata Roxb |
T |
Bursaraceae |
Salai |
L |
49. |
Bryophyllum calycinum Salib |
H |
Crassulaceae |
Pattharchur |
L |
50. |
Caesalpinia bonducella F. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Karanja |
SD |
51. |
Caesalpinia sappan Linn. |
S |
Leguminosae |
kuchandan |
SD |
52. |
Calendula officinalis Linn. |
H |
Asteraceae |
Marigold |
FL |
53. |
Callophylum inophylumLinn |
T |
Guttiferae |
Sultanchampa |
RT |
54. |
Calotropis gigantean Linn. |
S |
Asciepidiaceae |
Rajarka |
LX |
55. |
Calotropis procera Ait. |
S |
Asclepidiaceae |
Akanda |
RT, ST |
56. |
Canabis sativa Linn |
H |
Cannabinaceae |
Bhang |
L |
57. |
Capparis aphylla Roth |
T |
Capparideceae |
Karira |
RT, ST |
58. |
Capparis sepiaria Linn. |
T |
Capparideceae |
Kalikara |
RT, ST |
59. |
Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn |
S |
Celastraceae |
Lataphatki |
SD |
60. |
Carica papaya |
T |
Caricaceae |
Papaya |
Latex |
61. |
Carthamus tinctorius Linn |
S |
Asteraceae |
Kusum |
SD |
62. |
Casia auriculata Linn |
S |
Caesalpinaceae |
Arbur |
ST, F,L, SD |
63. |
Cayratia camosa |
C |
Vitaceae |
Ambatvel |
RT |
64. |
Cedrela toona Roxb. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Tuni |
SD |
65. |
Cedrus deodara Roxb. Loud. |
T |
Annonaceae |
Devdaru |
L |
66. |
Celastrus panniculatus Willd |
C |
Celastraceae |
Jotismti |
SD |
67. |
Celsia coromandeliona Vahl |
H |
Scrophulariceae |
Bhutakeshi |
WH |
68. |
Centilla asiatica Linn |
H |
Umbeliferaceae |
Mandukparni |
WH, SD |
69. |
Chaslia chartacea Craqib |
S |
Rubiaceae |
Vellakuainji |
RT |
70. |
Chenopodium album Linn. |
H |
Chenopodiaceae |
Pigweed |
L |
71. |
Chloroxylon swietiana DC |
T |
Rutaceae |
Bhirra |
L |
72. |
Cinommomum tamala N& E |
T |
Lauraceae |
Patra |
ST |
73. |
Cirsium verutum D.Don Spreng |
S |
Asteraceae |
Kandara |
RT |
74. |
Cisampleos pareira Linn. |
T |
Menispermaceae |
Aknadi |
RT |
75. |
Citrullus colocynthis schard |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Indrabaruni |
RT, FU |
76. |
Citrus decumoona Linn. |
S |
Rutaceae |
Baranimbu |
L, SD |
77. |
Citrus medica Linn. |
S |
Rutaceae |
Matulunga |
FU |
78. |
Clerodendron serratumSpreng |
T |
Verbenaceae |
Bharangi |
RT, L |
79. |
Clitoria terentea Linn |
H |
Leguminosae |
Aparajita |
RT, L, SD |
80. |
Coccinia grandis Linn |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Kundari |
WH |
81. |
Codonopsis ovatabenth |
H |
Campnulaceae |
Bastard ginseng, |
RT |
82. |
Coleus vettiveroides Benth |
T |
Labiatae |
Valakam |
WH |
83. |
Coriandar sativum Linn |
H |
Umbeliferae |
Dhaniya |
FU |
84. |
Coscinum fenerstratum W |
C |
Menispermaceae |
Kuldi |
RT |
85. |
Crocus sativus Linn. |
S |
Iridaceae |
Kumkuma |
FL |
86. |
Cuccumis trigonus |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Pongari |
RT |
87. |
Curcuma aromatica Salib |
H |
Zinziberaceae |
Jangali halad |
RT |
88. |
Curcuma longa Linn. |
H |
Zingiberaceae |
Haridra |
RH |
89. |
Curcuma zedoria Rosc. |
H |
Zingiberaceae |
Ekangi |
TU |
90. |
Cynodon dactylon Linn |
H |
Graminae |
Durva |
WH ,RT |
91. |
Cyprus rotundus Linn |
H |
Cyperaceae |
Motha/Mustak |
RT |
92. |
Datura fastuosa Linn. |
H |
Solanaceae |
Dhutura |
L |
93. |
Desmodium gangeticum D.C. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Shalaparni |
WH |
94. |
Desmotricum fimbriatum Lindl. |
H |
Orchidaceae |
Jivanti |
RT |
95. |
Dipterocanthus prostratus Ness |
H |
Acanthaceae |
- |
RT |
96. |
Dolichos biflorus Linn. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Kulattha |
SD |
97. |
Echinopus echinatus |
H |
Asteraceae |
Utakanta |
RT |
98. |
Eclipta alba Hassk |
H |
Asteraceae |
Bhringaraj |
WH ,L, RT |
99. |
Elephantopus scaber Linn |
H |
Asteraceae |
Gobhi, Punjaki |
RT |
100. |
Eletraia cardamomum Maton. |
C |
Zingiberaceae |
Elaich |
SD |
101. |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. |
C |
Myrsinaceae |
Bidanga |
FU |
102. |
Emlica officinalis Geartn |
T |
Euphorbiaceae |
Amlaki |
FU, L |
103. |
Ephedra vulgaris Hook.f. |
C |
Gnetaceae |
Somlata |
ST |
104. |
Erythrina indica Lam |
T |
Leguminosae |
Paribhadra |
L, ST |
105. |
Erythrina variegate Linn. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Badisa |
L |
106. |
Eucalyptus globus Labill |
T |
Myrtaceae |
Karpura |
OL |
107. |
Euphorbia hirta Linn |
H |
Euphorbiceae |
Dhudhi |
RT |
108. |
Euphorbia nerifolia Linn. |
H |
Euphorbiaceae |
Snuhi |
LX |
109. |
Euphorbia pilosa Linn. |
S |
Euphorbiaceae |
Chuplya |
LX |
110. |
Euphorbia thymifolia R.Br. |
H |
Euphorbiaceae |
Dugdhika |
WH |
111. |
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. |
C |
Umbelliferae |
Shankhapuspi |
FU |
112. |
Feronia elephantum Correa |
T |
Rutaceae |
Kapirath |
L |
113. |
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke |
S |
Umbellierae |
Hingu |
GU |
114. |
Ficus amottiana Miq |
T |
Moraceae |
Paraspipal |
L, ST |
115. |
Ficus bengalensis Linn. |
T |
Moraceae |
Vad |
ST |
116. |
Ficus glomerata Roxb |
T |
Moraceae |
Gular |
WH , RT |
117. |
Ficus hispida Linn.f. |
T |
Moraceae |
Kakodambara |
ST |
118. |
Ficus lacor Buch. Ham. |
T |
Moraceae |
Plaksha |
ST |
119. |
Ficus religiosa Linn |
T |
Moraceae |
Pipal |
ST ,SH, L |
120. |
Ficus retusa Linn |
T |
Moraceae |
Kuni |
RT, L, ST |
121. |
Gloriosa superba Linn. |
C |
Liliaceae |
Langloli |
RT |
122. |
Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. |
S |
Leguminosae |
Jastimadhu, |
RT, L |
123. |
Gmellina arboria Roxb |
T |
Verbenaceae |
Shivam |
RT, L |
124. |
Gmellina eliptica Sm |
S |
Verbenaceae |
- |
RT |
125. |
Grawia hirsuteVahl |
S |
Tiliaceae |
- |
RT |
126. |
Grewia tenax Forsk. |
T |
Tiliaceae |
Gangu kanger |
WH |
127. |
Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl. |
T |
Tiliaceae |
Dhamina |
ST |
128. |
Gymnema sylvestreR.Br. |
C |
Asclepiadaceae |
Meshsringi |
L |
129. |
Hedychium spicatum Ham ex Smith |
H |
Zingiberaceae |
Sathi |
RT |
130. |
Heliotropium indicum Linn |
S |
Boranginaceae |
Hastisanda |
L |
131. |
Heliotropium eichwaldi Stead |
S |
Boranginaceae |
Nilkatte |
L |
132. |
Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. |
C |
Asclepiadaceae |
Anantamul |
RT |
133. |
Hollarrhena antidysentrica Wall |
T |
Apocynaceae |
Kutaj |
RT, ST, SD |
134. |
Hordeum vulgare Linn. |
H |
Graminae |
Yava |
GR |
135. |
Hydnocorpus laurifolias |
T |
Violaceae |
Kowl |
SD, OL |
136. |
Hydrolea zeylanica Vhal. |
S |
Hydrophyllaceae |
Ishalamgla |
RT |
137. |
Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br. |
S |
Apocynaceae |
Shyama |
RT |
138. |
Indigophera aspalathoides Vahl Ex D.C. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Ingudi |
SD |
139. |
Ipomea paniculata R.Br. |
C |
Convolvulaceae |
Kushmanda |
RT |
140. |
Ipomea turpethum R.Br. |
H |
Convolvulaceae |
Trivirita |
RT |
141. |
Iris germanica Linn. |
S |
Irideae |
Padmakeshar |
ST |
142. |
Jasminum auriculatum Vahl. |
C |
Oleaceae |
Juthika |
FL |
143. |
Jasminum grandiflorumLinn |
C |
Oleaceae |
Chameli |
WH |
144. |
Jasminum officinalis Linn. |
C |
Oleaceae |
Jati |
RT |
145. |
Jasminum sambac Ait. |
C |
Oleaceae |
Mogra |
ST, L, SD |
146. |
Jatropha curcas Linn |
S |
Euphorbiaceae |
Mogali erand |
L |
147. |
Jatropha gosypifolia Linn. |
S |
Oleaceae |
Ratnajot |
RT, ST, L, SD |
148. |
Kaempheria rotunda |
S |
Zinziberaceae |
Bhuichampa |
WH |
149. |
Klenhovia hospital Linn |
S |
Streculiaceae |
Berora |
L |
150. |
Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe. |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Ikshaku |
SD |
151. |
Lantana camera Linn |
S |
Verbenaceae |
Kuri |
WH |
152. |
Leea aequata Linn |
S |
Vitaceae |
Leea |
RT |
153. |
Lilium gigantium Wall |
H |
Liliaceae |
Sunset plant |
L |
154. |
Linum usitatissimum Linn |
H |
Linaceae |
Alasi |
SD, OL |
155. |
Lippia nodiflora Mich. |
H |
Verbenaceae |
Jalapippai |
FU |
156. |
Litsea citrate Lam |
T |
Lauraceae |
Garbijaur |
ST |
157. |
Loranthus asper Desr. |
C |
Loranthaceae |
Bandaka |
WH |
158. |
Loranthus longiflorus Desr |
S |
Loranthaceae |
Vanda |
L, FL |
159. |
Luffa acutangula Linn |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Kritamul |
SD |
160. |
Luvunga scandens Buch. Ham. |
H |
Rutaceae |
Kakoli |
RT |
161. |
Lycopus europus Linn |
C |
Labiate |
Jalnin |
L |
162. |
Lygodium flexuosum Linn |
H |
Schizaeceae |
Rajhans |
RT |
163. |
Madhuca indica J.F.Gmel |
T |
Sapotaceae |
Moha |
WH |
164. |
Mallotus philippinensis Muell.Arg. |
T |
Euphorbiaceae |
Kampillaka |
SD, FU |
165. |
Melastoma malabathricum Linn |
S |
Melastomaceae |
Malabar melastome |
RT |
166. |
Melia azedarach Linn |
T |
Meliaceae |
Bakain |
ST, ST |
167. |
Meriandra strobilifera Benth |
T |
Labiatae |
Kafur |
L |
168. |
Mertynia diandra Glox. |
H |
Mertyneceae |
Baghnakhi |
FU, FL |
169. |
Mesua ferrea Linn. |
S |
Guttiferae |
Nagkesar |
SM |
170. |
Mimosa pudica Linn. |
R |
Mimosaceae |
Lajjalu |
WH |
171. |
Mimusops elengi Linn. |
T |
Sapotaceae |
Bakul |
ST |
172. |
Morinda citrifolia Linn |
T |
Rubiaceae |
Ach,Aal |
L |
173. |
Moringa oleifera Lamk |
T |
Moringaceae |
Sajina |
RT |
174. |
Mucuna pruriens Bak. |
C |
Leguminosae |
Kapikacchhu |
RT |
175. |
Murryaya koenginii spreng |
S |
Rutaceae |
Kadipatta |
RT |
176. |
Musa paradisiaca Linn. |
S |
Musaceae |
Kadali |
ST |
177. |
Myrica nagi Thumb. |
T |
Myricaceae |
Katphala |
ST |
178. |
Nardostachys jatamansi D.C. |
H |
Valerianaceae |
Jatamansi |
RT |
179. |
Nelsonia canescens |
H |
Acanthaceae |
blue pussy leaf |
RT |
180. |
Nelumbium speciosum Willd. |
C |
Nymphaeaceae |
Kamal |
RT |
181. |
Nelumbo nucifera Willd. |
C |
Nymphaeaceae |
Pundariya |
ST |
182. |
Nerium indicum Mill. |
S |
Apocynaceae |
Karabi |
RT |
183. |
Nymphoea stellata Willd. |
C |
Nymphaeaceae |
Nilotapala |
RT |
184. |
Nymphoea lotus stellata Willd. |
C |
Nymphaeaceae |
Shapla |
RT |
185. |
Ochradenus baccatus Del |
T |
Resedaceae |
Kalliram |
L |
186. |
Odina woodier Roxb. |
T |
Anacardiaceae |
Jingira |
ST |
187. |
Oledelandia biflora Linn. |
T |
Rubiaceae |
Khetpapra |
WH |
188. |
Oroxulum indicum vent |
T |
Bignonaceae |
Sonpatha |
RT ,SD |
189. |
Oryza sativa Linn. |
H |
Graminae |
Shetashalitand |
SD |
190. |
Oscimum sanctum Linn |
H |
Labiaceae |
Tulsi |
L |
191. |
Papaver somiferum Linn. |
H |
Papaveraceae |
Ahiphena |
SD |
192. |
Pavetta indicm |
T |
Rubiaceae |
Jarum-jarum |
RT |
193. |
Phaseolus trilobus Ait. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Mudga |
RT, WH |
194. |
Phragmites maxima Blatter & Mc Cann |
H |
Graminae |
Nalmula |
RT |
195. |
Picorrhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. |
H |
Scrophulariaceae |
Katuki |
RH |
196. |
Pinus gradiyana Wall |
T |
Pinaceae |
Rhi |
SD |
197. |
Pinus longifolia Roxb |
T |
Pinaceae |
Cheer |
OL |
198. |
Piper auranticum Linn. |
C |
Piparaceae |
Renuka |
FU |
199. |
Piper chava Hunter. |
C |
Piparaceae |
Chavika |
FU |
200. |
Piper longum Linn. |
C |
Piparaceae |
Pipul |
RT |
201. |
Piper nigrum Linn. |
C |
Piparaceae |
Marich |
FU |
202. |
Pisum sativum Linn. |
C |
Verbenaceae |
Harenu |
L |
203. |
Plantago lanciolata Linn |
T |
Plantagenaceae |
Bal tanga |
L |
204. |
Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern |
H |
Asteraceae |
Rasna |
L |
205. |
Plumbago zeylanica Linn. |
C |
Plumbaginaceae |
Chita |
RT |
206. |
Pongamia glabra Vent. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Karanja |
SD, L |
207. |
Portulaca quadrifida Linn |
H |
Portulaceae |
Lonia |
L |
208. |
Premna integrifolia Linn. |
S |
Verbenaceae |
Ganiari |
RT |
209. |
Prunus amygdalus Batsch |
T |
Rosaceae |
Almond |
WH |
210. |
Prunus cerasus Linn. |
T |
Rosaceae |
Elabaluka |
SD |
211. |
Prunus mahaleb Linn. |
S |
Rosaceae |
Priyangu |
RT |
212. |
Prunus puddum Roxb. |
T |
Rosaceae |
Padmakastha |
ST |
213. |
Psidium guajavaLinn |
H |
Myrtaceae |
Amrud |
L |
214. |
Psoralia corylifolia Linn. |
C |
Leguminosae |
Bakuchi |
SD |
215. |
Pteredium aquilinum Khun |
H |
Polypopdiaceae |
Bracken |
RT |
216. |
Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. |
T |
Papilionaceae |
Raktachandan |
ST |
217. |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb |
S |
Leguminoceae |
Bijasar |
L |
218. |
Randia dumentorum Linn. |
S |
Rubiaceae |
Madan |
ST |
219. |
Rannunculus scleratus Linn. |
S |
Rannunculaceae |
Kandira |
WH |
220. |
Rauwolfia serpentina Bent |
S |
Apocynaceae |
Chota chandra |
RT, L |
221. |
Resantia indica |
H |
Celastraceae |
- |
RT |
222. |
Rhinacanthus nasutus K |
T |
Acanthaceae |
Palakjuhi |
RT, L |
223. |
Rhus succdeania Linn. |
H |
Anacardiaceae |
Karkatashringi |
GL |
224. |
Rosa chinensisJacq |
S |
Rosaceae |
Sada gulab |
FU |
225. |
Rosa multiflora Herm |
S |
Rosaceae |
Kujai |
FU |
226. |
Rubia cordifolia Linn. |
S |
Rubiaceae |
Manjistha |
RT |
227. |
Rumex crispa Linn. |
S |
Aristolochiaceae |
Betas |
WH |
228. |
Salix tetrasperma Roxb. |
S |
Salicaceae |
Jalabetas |
ST, FL |
229. |
Salmalia malabarica Schott &Endl |
S |
Bombacaceae |
Shimul |
ST |
230. |
Salvia moorcroftiana Wall |
S |
Labiatae |
Sage species |
FL |
231. |
Salvia officinalis Linn |
S |
Labiatae |
Sage |
WH |
232. |
Santalum albam Linn. |
T |
Santalanaceae |
Swetchandana |
ST |
233. |
Saraca indica Linn. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Asoka |
ST |
234. |
Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke |
H |
Asteraceae |
Kur |
RT |
235. |
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. |
T |
Anacardaceae |
Bhallataka |
RT |
236. |
Sesasum indicum Linn |
H |
Pedaliaceae |
Til |
L, SD, OL |
237. |
Shorea robusta Gareth |
T |
Dipterocarpaceae |
Sal |
ST, SD, RS |
238. |
Sida acuta Burn |
S |
Malvaceae |
Boriora |
RT |
239. |
Sida cordifolia Linn |
H |
Malvaceae |
Bala |
RT |
240. |
Sida spinosa Linn. |
S |
Malvaceae |
Chakule |
RT |
241. |
Solena heterophylla Lour. |
S |
Cucurbitaceae |
Bankundri |
L |
242. |
Soymida febrifuga A. Juss |
T |
Meliaceae |
Rohera |
ST |
243. |
Spaeranthus indicus Linn. |
H |
Asteraceae |
Mundi |
RT |
244. |
Spirogyra elongata |
A |
Algae |
Shaibal |
FI |
245. |
Stfordia fruticosa Kurz. |
S |
Lytheraceae |
Dhataki |
FL |
246. |
Strebulus asper Lour. |
S |
Moraceae |
Shoera |
RT |
247. |
Strychnos nux vomica Linn |
T |
Loganiaceae |
Visha-mukti |
L |
248. |
Swertia chirata Buch.Ham. |
H |
Gentinaceae |
Chireta |
ST, L |
249. |
Symplocos racemosa Ro |
T |
Symplocaceae |
Luddi/Lodhraka |
ST |
250. |
Syzygium cumini Skeels |
T |
Myrtaceae |
Jambu,Jamun |
ST, FU |
251. |
Tagetes erecta Linn |
H |
Asteraceae |
Bhuidri |
FL, L |
252. |
Tamarix gallica Linn |
S |
Tamaraceae |
Jhau |
WH |
253. |
Tarenna asiatica Linn. Alston |
S |
Rubiaceae |
Kommichittu |
L |
254. |
Tecoma radicans JuS |
C |
Bignonaceae |
Trumpet Creeper |
RT |
255. |
Tephrosia purpurea pers |
H |
Leguminosae |
Sarapunkha |
WH |
256. |
Terminalia arjuna Bedd |
T |
Combretaceae |
Kahu |
ST |
257. |
Terminalia chebula Retz. |
T |
Combreraceae |
Haritki |
FU |
258. |
Terminaliraia belerica Roxb. |
T |
Combreraceae |
Bibhitaka |
FU |
259. |
Thespesia populnea Soland ex correa |
T |
Malvaceae |
Palashpipul |
FU, L, RT |
260. |
Thuja orientalis Linn |
T |
Cuprasasae |
Vidya |
ST |
261. |
Tinospora tomentosa Colebr. |
T |
Menispermaceae |
Padmagulancha |
ST |
262. |
Trechyspermum ammiLinn. |
H |
Umbelliferae |
Ajwain, |
SD |
263. |
Tribulus terretris Linn. |
R |
Zygophyllaceae |
Gokshura |
FU |
264. |
Tricodesma indicum R.Br. |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Surasa |
RT |
265. |
Tricosanthes dioica Roxb. |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Palta |
L, ST |
266. |
Tridex Procumbens Linn. |
H |
Asteraceae |
Ekdandi |
L |
267. |
Tylophora fasciculata H |
H |
Asclepiadaceae |
Gundra |
L |
268. |
Typha elephantine Linn |
T |
Typhaceae |
Cat tails |
FU |
269. |
Vateria indica Linn. |
T |
Dipterocarpaceae |
Sarja |
LX |
270. |
Veronia anthelmintic Willd. |
S |
Asteraceae |
Somraj |
SD |
271. |
Veronia teris Wall |
H |
Asteraceae |
Banda |
WH |
272. |
Veronica beccalunga Linn |
H |
Scrophulariceae |
Ashwakandika |
WH |
273. |
Vernonia arborea Hk |
T |
Asteraceae |
- |
L |
274. |
Viscum album Linn |
C |
Loranthaceae |
Pitabringi |
WH |
275. |
Vitex negundo Linn. |
S |
Verbeneceae |
Nishinda |
L |
276. |
Wedelia calendulacea Less |
H |
Asteraceae |
Bhringaraj |
L |
277. |
Widelia wallichi Los |
H |
Asteraceae |
- |
WH |
278. |
Witahnia somnifera Dunal. |
S |
Solanaceae |
Ashwagandha |
TU, RT |
279. |
Xanthium stumarium |
S |
Asteraceae |
Chote gokhru |
RT |
280. |
Zingiber officinale Rosc. |
H |
Zingiberaceae |
Sunthi |
RH |
281. |
Ziziphus jujube Linn |
T |
Rhamnaceae |
Bor |
RT |
282. |
Ziziphus mauritiana Linn |
T |
Rhamnaceae |
Bor |
RT |
283. |
Ziziphus vulgaris Linn |
T |
Rhamnaceae |
Bor |
ST |
H = Herbs, S = Shrubs, T = Tree, C = Climber, R = Runners, A = Aquatic, L = Leaves, SD = Seeds, ST = Stem, FU = Fruit, WH = Whole plant, RH = Rhizome, RT = Root, FL = Flower, LX = Latex, OL = Oil, TU = Tuber, GU = Gum, SH = Shoot, GR = Grain, SM = Stamen, GL = Gall, RS = Resin, FI = Filament,
The present investigation comprises geographical distribution of wound healing plants throughout India was 283 of which 79.15% was found in Maharashatra and 46.28% observed in Jalgaon District. 283 plant species of ethnomedicinal plants, distributed in 236 genera belonging to 97 families. For each species botanical name, family, local name, parts used, is provided. Traditional healers are using these plants to cure diseases related to skin problems, cold, fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, fertility problems, toothache, stomach ache, diabetes, rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, small pox, bone fractures, earache, hair loss and poison (snake, scorpion and insect) bites especially wounds. Zingiberaceae was the dominant monocot family followed by Poaceae family. Trees (93 species) were found to be the most used plants (Figure 3) followed by Herbs (87 species), shrubs (67 species) and climbers (40 species) in descending order.
Figure 3. Distributions of wound healing plants habit wise.
Only one aquatic plant, 93.63% of dicotyledons and 6.34% of monocotyledons, plants are of wound healing in nature. The most dominant families in the study were Leguminosae (23 species) (Figure 4), Asteraceae (20 species), Euphorbiceae (10 species), Moraceae and Rubiaceae (09 species), Cucurbitaceae, Verbenaceae, Zingiberaceae (08 species), Poaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae (07 species), Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae and Umbellifarae (06 species), Apocynaceae and Labiatae (05 species) Acanthaceac, Comberetaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Myrsinaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Piparaceae and Scrophulariaceae (04 species), Celastraceae, Convulvulaceae Dipterocarpaceae, Loranthaceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Pinaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, and Tiliaceae (03 species), Other families with less number are listed below: Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae, Berberidaceae, Bignonaceae, Boranginaceae, Capparideceae, Guttiferae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae, Polypopdiaceae, Solanaceae, and Vitaceae (2 species), whereas 48 families have single species. Different parts of medicinal plants were used as medicine by the local traditional healers.
Figure 4. Familiwise distribution of wound healing plants.
Arebic number represents number of plant species
Mostly root was used for wound healing followed by leaves (Figure 5A). Part used are in following order stem > seed > whole plant > fruit > flower > rhizome > tuber > shoot > stamen > grain > gall > filament.
Figure 5A. Distribution of part used of wound healing plants.
In addition to plant parts, plant products used by adivasi neighborhood, as under latex > oil > resin and gum (Figure 5B).
Figure 5B. Distribution of plant product of wound healing plants.
The scientific approaches for the study of traditional plant-based remedies for wound healing will provide us an important platform for rigorous testing and evaluation of their clinical efficacy based on animal models.
Table 3 Wound healing plants belonging to North Maharashatra region.
Sr. no. |
Name of the plant |
Habit |
Family |
Common name |
Part used |
1. |
Abrus precalorius linn |
C |
Leguminosae |
Gunja,Kunch |
SD |
2. |
Acacia arebica (Linn) |
T |
Mimosaceae |
Babul |
ST,L,FU,SD |
3. |
Acacia ferneiana Willd |
T |
Leguminosae |
Irimeda |
ST |
4. |
Achyranthus aspera linn |
H |
Amaranthaceae |
Apamarga |
WH |
5. |
Achyranthus bdentata Blure |
H |
Amaranthaceae |
Raktapuspi |
WH |
6. |
Acorus calamus Linn |
H |
Araceae |
Bacha |
RH |
7. |
Adathoda vasica Nees |
S |
Acanthaceac |
Basak |
L |
8. |
Adiantum, subulatum Burm |
H |
Polypopdiaceae |
Hansapdi |
L |
9. |
Aegle mermelos Corr |
T |
Rutaceae |
Bilwa |
L, ST |
10. |
Albizzia lebbeck Benth |
T |
Leguminosae |
Shirisa |
ST |
11. |
Alstonia schlolaris (Roxb) |
T |
Apocynaceae |
Saptapama |
L, ST, ST |
12. |
Anacardium occidentale (L) |
H |
Anacardiaceae |
Batad |
RT, ST, FU |
13. |
Annona squemosa (Linn) |
T |
Annonaceae |
sitaphal |
RT, L,FU,SD |
14. |
Anogeisus latifolia Wall |
S |
Comberetaceae |
Dhava |
ST |
15. |
Anthocephalus cadamba |
T |
Rubiaceae |
Kadamba |
ST |
16. |
Argemone maxicana (Linn) |
H |
Papaveraceae |
Katuparni |
RT, LX |
17. |
Asparagus racemosa Willd |
C |
Liliaceae |
Satavri |
RT |
18. |
Azadirachta indica (Linn) |
T |
Meliaceae |
Nimba |
L,OL |
19. |
Balanites roxburghii Planch |
T |
Simaronbaceae |
Hingana |
ST |
20. |
Baliospermum monatanum Muell |
S |
Euphorbiceae |
Danti |
L |
21. |
Bauhinia purpurea (Linn) |
T |
Leguminosae |
Lai-kovidar |
SB, FL, FU |
22. |
Biophytum sensitivum (Linn) |
H |
Gerandaceae |
Lajalu |
SD |
23. |
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. |
H |
Nyctaginaceae |
Punarnava |
WH |
24. |
Bombusa arudinacea |
T |
Graminae |
Vansha lochan |
ST, SH |
25. |
Boswellia serrata |
T |
Bursaraceae |
Salai |
L |
26. |
Bryophyllum calliciniu (Linn) |
H |
Crassulaceae |
Pattharchur |
L |
27. |
Caesalpinia bonducella f. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Karanja |
SD |
28. |
Caesalpinia sappan Linn. |
S |
Leguminosae |
kuchandan |
SD |
29. |
Calendula officinalis Linn. |
H |
Asteraceae |
Marigold |
FL |
30. |
Callophylum inophylum |
T |
Guttiferae |
Sultanchampa |
RT |
31. |
Calotropis gigantean Linn. |
S |
Asciepidiaceae |
Rajarka |
LX |
32. |
Canabis sativa (Linn) |
H |
Cannabinaceae |
Bhang |
L |
33. |
Carthamus tinctorius (Linn) |
S |
Asteraceae |
Kusum |
SD |
34. |
Celastrus panniculatus Willd |
C |
Celastraceae |
Jotismti |
SD |
35. |
Centilla asiatica (Linn) |
H |
Umbeliferaceae |
Mandukparni |
WH, SD |
36. |
Citrullus colocynthis schard |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Indrabaruni |
RT, FU |
37. |
Citrus medica Linn. |
S |
Rutaceae |
Matulunga |
FU |
38. |
Clerodendron serratum |
T |
Verbenaceae |
Bharangi |
RT, L |
39. |
Clitoria terentea (Linn) |
H |
Leguminosae |
Aparajita |
RT, L, SD |
40. |
Coccinia grand (Linn) |
C |
Cucurbitaceae |
Kundari |
WH |
41. |
Coriandar sativum (Linn) |
H |
Umbeliferae |
Dhaniya |
FU |
42. |
Curcuma aromatica (Salib) |
H |
Zinziberaceae |
Jangali halad |
RT |
43. |
Curcuma longa Linn. |
H |
Zingiberaceae |
Haridra |
RH |
44. |
Cynodon dactylon (Linn) |
H |
Graminae |
Durva |
WH ,RT |
45. |
Cyprus rotundus (Linn) |
H |
Cyperaceae |
Motha/Mustak |
RT |
46. |
Datura fastuosa Linn. |
H |
Solanaceae |
Dhutura |
L |
47. |
Desmodium gangeticum D.C. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Shalaparni |
WH |
48. |
Dolichos biflorus Linn. |
H |
Leguminosae |
Kulattha |
SD |
49. |
Echinopus echinatus |
H |
Asteraceae |
Utakanta |
RT |
50. |
Ehlipta alba (Linn) |
H |
Asteraceae |
Bhringaraj |
WH ,L, RT |
51. |
Elephantopus scaber |
H |
Asteraceae |
Gobhi, Punjaki |
RT |
52. |
Embelia ribes Burm.f. |
C |
Myrsinaceae |
Bidanga |
FU |
53. |
Emlica officinalis Linn. |
T |
Euphorbiaceae |
Amlaki |
FU, L |
54. |
Erythrina indica (Lam) |
T |
Leguminosae |
Paribhadra |
L, ST |
55. |
Erythrina variegate Linn. |
T |
Leguminosae |
Badisa |
L |
56. |
Eucaiyptus globus (Labill) |
T |
Myrtaceae |
Karpura |
OL |
57. |
Euphorbia hirta (Linn) |
H |
Euphorbiceae |
Dhudhi |
RT |
58. |
Euphorbia nerifolia Linn. |
H |
Euphorbiaceae |
Snuhi |
LX |
59. |
Euphorbia thymifolia R.Br. |
H |
Euphorbiaceae |
Dugdhika |
WH |
60. |
Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. |
C |
Umbelliferae |
Shankhapuspi |
FU |
61. |
Ferula jaeschkaena (Vatkke) |
S |
Umbellierae |
Hingu |
GU |
62. |
Ficus amottiana (Miq) |
T |
Moraceae |
Paraspipal |
L, ST |
63. |
Ficus bengalensis Linn. |
T |
Moraceae |
Vad |
ST |
64. |
Ficus glomeratus (Linn) |
T |
Moraceae |
Gular |
WH , RT |
65. |
Ficus hispida Linn.f. |
T |
Moraceae |
Kakodambara |
ST |
66. |
Ficus nlacor Buch. Ham. |
T |
Moraceae |
Plaksha |
ST |
67. |
Ficus religiosa (Linn) |
T |
Moraceae |
Pipal |
ST ,SH, L |
68. |
Gloriosa superba Linn. |
C |
Liliaceae |
Langloli |
RT |
69. |
Gmellina arboria (Roxb) |