Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13

Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 1-32. 2009.

Wound Healing Plants of Jalgaon District of Maharashtra State, India

¹M.Z. Chopda and ²R.T. Mahajan

¹Post Graduate Department of Zoology

²Post Graduate Department of Biotechnology

Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon – 425001

Issued 04 January 2009

Abstract

Jalgaon District of Maharashtra state (India) has a great heritage and rich in various green and semi evergreen species. Record of 3347 species from 201 families appeared in earlier literature from Jalgaon District. A list of 283 wound healing plants of Indian origin is compiled; out of these 224 plants are native of Maharashtra, a 131 plants among them occurred in Jalgaon District, which are in practice by local herbalist, Vaidyas and non-registered medical practitioners and Mukhiya (Head) of tribal community. Taxonomical distribution showed 93.63% dicot and 6.37% monocot and a single aquatic plant. The investigation revealed that wound healing natural products usually localized in root (27% ) > leaves (20%) > stem > seed > whole plant > fruit > flower > rhizome > tuber > shoot > stamen > grain > gall > filament and plant product like latex (46%), oil (40%) , gum and resin (7%) as evident from this survey. Most of the remedies consisted of either single plant part or combination. Methods of preparation varies and they are species specific viz: plant parts applied as a paste, juice extracted from the fresh plant parts, powder made from fresh or dried plant parts, some fresh plant parts, and decoction. In this study the most dominant family was Leguminosae and roots were most frequently used for wound healing. Here an attempt has also been made to work out on plants belonging to Jalgaon District in order to exploit them for preparation of ointment that can be used both in human and domestic animals.

Keywords: Wound healing, Traditional Medicinal plants, Jalgaon District

Introduction

The Indian traditional system of medicine is based on pragmatic facts of the observations and the experience over millennia. More than 1200 diseases are mentioned in different classical texts. Traditional medicine, being a significant element in the cultural patrimony, still remains the main choice for a large majority of people for treating various diseases and ailments. Management in various forms of diseases like Diabetes, Cardiovascular disorders, hepato-protective, antibacterial, antifungal and wound healing etc. are made with more than 1000 medicinal plants (89.93%); 58 minerals, metals, or ores (5.24%); and 54 animal and marine products (4.86%)¹_. Figure 1 depicts the process of wound healing phenomenon.

Figure 1. The process of wound healing pathogenesis.

As per modern medicine certain essential polypeptides of the low concentration present in animal serum, called Growth Factors⁶, which control cell proliferation. However, a recent study reveals that some of these growth factors may have serious untoward effects such as carcinogenesis⁷. Classical management of wounds follows various therapeutic steps, starting with an aseptic dressing and ending with the rehabilitation of the normal structure and function⁸. These therapeutic measures were aimed not only to accelerate the healing process but also to maintain the quality and aesthetics of the healing. As described in different literature, 70% of the wound healing drugs are of plant origin, 20% of mineral origin, and the remaining 10% consisting of animal products⁹. These drugs are stated to be effective in different conditions such as wounds, ulcers, sinuses, abscess, syphilitic ulcers, and maggots in wounds, septic wounds, and inflammatory changes of wounds, cellulitis, purulative ulcer, diabetic carbuncle, and fistula-in-ano. The plants are used as first aids, washing of wounds, extraction of pus, as coagulants and for infected wounds. Scientific investigations have been carried out to assess the wound healing properties of the some drugs. This paper is a review of some of the plant medicines used by the tribal community and rural people, possesses unique untold information about plants. This knowledge is being eternally handed down from generation to generation. The objective of this study is to interact with local traditional healers and document their knowledge on medicinal plants and their widespread uses.

Background of study

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes for as long as history has been recorded. China, India, and Egypt appear to have been the places which cradled the use of herbs, but herbalism was common in India. A great variety of plants are used for medicinal treatments. Either the dried plant, or a specific part of it (root, leaves, fruit, flowers, seeds), these recipes are prepared using different ingredients of non-plant origin such as water, salt, honey, etc. in modern way it is formulated into suitable preparations viz. tablets, pills, extracts, tinctures, lotions, ointments, creams, etc. The first generally accepted use of plants as healing agents was depicted in the cave paintings discovered in the Lascaux caves in France, which have been radiocarbon-dated 13,000 to 25,000 BC¹¹. The first authentic record of Khandesh plants is to be found in the flora of the Bombay presidency ¹². Species found in Ayuervedic and Unani systems of Medicine, together with those used as popular village remedies have been mentioned in Gazetteer of Bombay state¹³. Surveys on flora of Khandesh region were restricted only with Botanical or Taxonomical point of view (singh 2001) (Table 2)²⁷ however our survey reports medicinal uses of the same flora.

Table 1. Flora of Maharashatra state: Statistics.

Group	Families	Genera	Species	Subspecies	Verities	Sub varieties
Monocotyledons	34	256	913	03	39	01
Dicotyledons	167	841	2221	25	137	00
Total	201	1097	3134	28	176	01

On utilizing them properly, they may be used to control the diseases like, Jaundice, Diabetes, Malaria, Arthritis, Diarrhea, Hypertension, and Wound healing. Laticiferous plant Euphorbia nerifolia Linn reported as wound healer by Rasik (1996). Bhattarai (1997) lists 42 plant species used in wound treatment in Nepal, and of these eight are listed as haemostats. Admirable activity of Hemigraphis colorata (Blume) H.G. leaf on wound healing and inflammation in mice was observed by Subramoniam (2001). A review on wound healing plants documented by Biswas (2003) quote 164 plants. Splendid action of Tagetes erecta Linn leaves was established by Ghosh (2004). Aqueous and methanolic extract of Vernonia arborea (HK) showed remarkable activity for wound healing (Manjunatha, 2005). Recently Muthu (2006) has been reported 16 remedies against wound used by Kancheepuram tribal community. Holy basil plant Ocimum sanctum Linn exhibits outstanding action as antioxidant and wound healing property (Shetty, 2007). Ethnomedicinal importance of flora of Dhule and Nandurbar Districts has been mentioned in literature¹⁴ gives number of plants for various diseases out of these 36 numbers of plants as wound healing. Parallel work with listing of wound healing plants of Indigenous origin has been carried out by us where we found 131 plants of them belonging to the Jalgaon District. This paper reports an ethnobiological study with the aim to identify medicinal plants used in the treatment of wounds. An attempt has been made to congregate scanty information available in literature. A perusal of reported literature on the Khandesh flora prompted us to exploit them as a national prosperity.

Materials and Methods

Geographic Location of Jalgaon District, Maharashtra, India

Maharashtra encompasses an area of 3,07,713 km² (9.4% of country) and is the third largest state¹⁵ in India. Maharashtra is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched in between. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast and lies at Latitude : 20.00 N Longitude : 76.00 E The total forest cover of Maharashatra is 61939 km². This includes 28387 km2 of dense forest and 18478 km² of open forest¹⁸. Of the total forest area of Maharashatra, 8196 km² are under protected area (Figure 2)^16,17,22 which includes 35 sanctuaries¹⁹, 5 National Parks²⁰, and 26 Tiger reserve²¹. Jalgaon District in North Maharashatra with an Area 11757 km²and the forests in the district cover an area of 4,732.199 km² of which 4,413.423 km² and 318.776 km² are under Forest and Revenue departments respectively. Of the total area 3,937.435 km² constitute reserve forests and 794.764 km² private forests²³. Area under Irrigation 1, 21,000 hectares, Irrigation Projects Major-2 Medium-10 Minor-514 Imp. Projs.-2 - Upper Tapi and Hatnur. Languages/Dialects - Ahirani, Marathi. Folk-Arts Lavani, Tamasha, Gondhal. Weather Temperature- Max.-34.9 Deg. C. Min.-19.9⁰ C. Rainfall-763.6 mm (Average), Main Crops Banana, cotton, sugarcane , oil seeds, pulses, Area under Horticulture 47424 hectares. The Jalgaon district is located 20⁰-21⁰N and 74⁰-76⁰ E. It is located in Northern part of Maharashtra State¹⁸. It is bounded on the north by Madhya Pradesh, on the east by Buldhana district, on the west by Nasik and Dhulia districts and on the south by Aurangabad district. It is a part of Deccan Uplands of the Maharashtra State; it is distinguished from the rest of the upland districts by its westward aspect.

Figure 2. Location of Study area (Jalgaon District, Maharashatra, India).

Plate 1. Panoramic view of Satpuda hill (at background) along with villagers and author.

Plate 2. Enquiry about Wound healing plants with aborigines of Yawal Tahsil of Jalgaon District.

Plate 3. Conversations with traditional practitioner about Wound healing plants.

While the rest of the upland region is drained by the major rivers to the east, the Tapi and its tributaries drain the Jalgaon region to the west towards Arabian Sea. The landscape is typically that of the Deccan lavas with residual hill ranges and broad valleys, with trap dykes introducing a sharp local contrast as small chains of hillocks. Thus Jalgaon includes varied topographical features and landscapes, consisting of wild hills and forests, rich gardens and groves, stretch of barren plain, low rolling rocky hills and tensely gullied (bad land) topography near major river banks. Regionally, from east to west, parallel with the Tapi, are three well marked belts of country; in the centre the rich Tapi valley, in the north the high and wild Satpuda, and in the south and south-west bare ridges and rich well-watered valleys flanked by the Ajanta range. Jalgaon district is divided in to 15 Tahsils. Among the unsettled tribes of Khandesh, the largest in number are the Bhils, who are regarded as the aboriginals originally spread all over Rajputana, Malva, and Gujarat and Central India but now found mostly in Khandesh, parts of Gujarat, and the Vindhya hills. Jalgaon district is known for its advances in horticulture. Cultivation and production of banana and cotton, especially by resorting to drip irrigation, has created a role model for cultivators in other parts of India. Bananas grown in the district are exported outside the State and to other countries. Mehrun village is famous for its unique bor (jubjube) ²⁴. In this study data were collected through general conversation with the local traditional vaidyas, tribal communities and rural peoples. Surveyed information includes medicinal plants with their local names and parts used. The plants were listed by following book “The flora of Presidency of Bombay”¹².

Result and discussion

The list is compiled on the basis of (i) Textual data (ii) References and Cross-references^{37, 38} (iii) Herbalist / non-medical practitioners (iv) Internet and web-sites. The plants used in the management of wounds as described in different literature are listed in Table 1 with local name, botanical name, family name, parts used.

Table 2. Medicinal plants of Wound Healing mentioned in different classical texts.

Sr. no.	*Name of the plant*	Habit	*Family*	Common name	Part used
1.	Abies webbiana Lindl	T	Pinaceae	Talisa	L
2.	Abrus precalorius linn	C	Leguminosae	Gunja,Kunch	SD
3.	Acacia arebica Linn	T	Mimosaceae	Babul	ST,L,FU,SD
4.	Acacia catechu Willd	T	Mimosaceae	Khadira	ST
5.	Acacia chundra Roxb	T	Leguminosae	Khadir	ST, WH
6.	Acacia ferneiana Willd	T	Leguminosae	Irimeda	ST
7.	Acaylpha indica	H	Euphorbiaceae	Khokali	Leaves,bark
8.	Achyranthus aspera linn	H	Amaranthaceae	Apamarga	WH
9.	Achyranthus bdentata Blure	H	Amaranthaceae	Raktapuspi	WH
10.	Acorus calamus Linn	H	Araceae	Bacha	RH
11.	Adathoda vasica Nees	S	Acanthaceac	Basak	L
12.	Adiantum, lunulatum Burm	H	Polypopdiaceae	Hansapdi	L
13.	Aegle mermelos Corr	T	Rutaceae	Bilwa	L, ST
14.	Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb	S	Rosaceae	Belur,	WH
15.	Albizzia lebbeck Benth	T	Leguminosae	Shirisa	ST
16.	Alstonia schlolaris Roxb	T	Apocynaceae	Saptapama	L, ST, ST
17.	Amomum subulatum Roxb	T	Zingiberaceae	Bhadraila	SD
18.	Anacardium occidentale Linn	H	Anacardiaceae	Batad	RT, ST, FU
19.	Anaphalis triplinervis Sims	H	Asteraceae	Anans	FL
20.	Andropogon muricantus Retz	H	Graminae	Virana	RT
21.	Andropogon squarnosus Hook.f.	H	Graminae	Bena	RT
22.	Angelica glauca Edgw	T	Umbellifarae	Chorak	RT
23.	Annona squemosa Linn	T	Annonaceae	sitaphal	RT, L,FU,SD
24.	Anogeisus latifolia Wall	S	Comberetaceae	Dhava	ST
25.	Anthocephalus cadamba Miq	T	Rubiaceae	Kadamba	ST
26.	Aquilaria agalocha Roxbg	T	Thymelaeaceae	Aguru	LX
27.	Argemone maxicana Linn	H	Papaveraceae	Katuparni	RT, LX
28.	Argyreiae speciosa Roxb	C	Convulvulaceae	Samudrapalaka	L
29.	Artemisia lciniata Willd	S	Asteraceae	Khampa	L, FU, FL, ST
30.	Artemisia vulgaris Linn	S	Asteraceae	Damnak	WH
31.	Artocorpus integrafolia Linn	T	Moraceae	Panash	RT, ST, FU
32.	Asclepias curasavica Linn	H	Asclepiadaceae	Raktaphul	RT, L
33.	Asparagus gonocladus Linn	S	Liliaceae	Satmuli	RT
34.	Asparagus racemosa Willd	C	Liliaceae	Satavri	RT
35.	Azadirachta indica A Juss	T	Meliaceae	Nimba	L,OL
36.	Balanites roxburghii Planch	T	Simaronbaceae	Hingana	ST
37.	Baliospermum monatanum Muell Arg.	S	Euphorbiceae	Danti	L
38.	Basia longlifolia Linn.	T	Sapotaceae	Jalaja	SD
39.	Bauhinia purpurea Linn	T	Leguminosae	Lai-kovidar	SB, FL, FU
40.	Berberis aristata D.C.	H	Berberidaceae	Daruhald	RT,ST
41.	Berberis asiatica Roxb	H	Berberidaceae	Sumul	RT
42.	Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham.	T	Betulaceae	In Birch	ST
43.	Biophytum sensitivum Linn	H	Gerandaceae	Lajalu	SD
44.	Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.	H	Nyctaginaceae	Punarnava	WH
45.	Bombusa arudinacea Willd	T	Graminae	Vansha lochan	ST, SH
46.	Boralia hispida Linn	H	Rubiaceae	Madanghati	RT
47.	Boschniakia himalaika Hook.f.	S	Scrophulariaceae	Ganelu	WH
48.	Boswellia serrata Roxb	T	Bursaraceae	Salai	L
49.	Bryophyllum calycinum Salib	H	Crassulaceae	Pattharchur	L
50.	Caesalpinia bonducella F.	T	Leguminosae	Karanja	SD
51.	Caesalpinia sappan Linn.	S	Leguminosae	kuchandan	SD
52.	Calendula officinalis Linn.	H	Asteraceae	Marigold	FL
53.	Callophylum inophylumLinn	T	Guttiferae	Sultanchampa	RT
54.	Calotropis gigantean Linn.	S	Asciepidiaceae	Rajarka	LX
55.	Calotropis procera Ait.	S	Asclepidiaceae	Akanda	RT, ST
56.	Canabis sativa Linn	H	Cannabinaceae	Bhang	L
57.	Capparis aphylla Roth	T	Capparideceae	Karira	RT, ST
58.	Capparis sepiaria Linn.	T	Capparideceae	Kalikara	RT, ST
59.	Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn	S	Celastraceae	Lataphatki	SD
60.	Carica papaya	T	Caricaceae	Papaya	Latex
61.	Carthamus tinctorius Linn	S	Asteraceae	Kusum	SD
62.	Casia auriculata Linn	S	Caesalpinaceae	Arbur	ST, F,L, SD
63.	Cayratia camosa	C	Vitaceae	Ambatvel	RT
64.	Cedrela toona Roxb.	H	Leguminosae	Tuni	SD
65.	Cedrus deodara Roxb. Loud.	T	Annonaceae	Devdaru	L
66.	Celastrus panniculatus Willd	C	Celastraceae	Jotismti	SD
67.	Celsia coromandeliona Vahl	H	Scrophulariceae	Bhutakeshi	WH
68.	Centilla asiatica Linn	H	Umbeliferaceae	Mandukparni	WH, SD
69.	Chaslia chartacea Craqib	S	Rubiaceae	Vellakuainji	RT
70.	Chenopodium album Linn.	H	Chenopodiaceae	Pigweed	L
71.	Chloroxylon swietiana DC	T	Rutaceae	Bhirra	L
72.	Cinommomum tamala N& E	T	Lauraceae	Patra	ST
73.	Cirsium verutum D.Don Spreng	S	Asteraceae	Kandara	RT
74.	Cisampleos pareira Linn.	T	Menispermaceae	Aknadi	RT
75.	Citrullus colocynthis schard	C	Cucurbitaceae	Indrabaruni	RT, FU
76.	Citrus decumoona Linn.	S	Rutaceae	Baranimbu	L, SD
77.	Citrus medica Linn.	S	Rutaceae	Matulunga	FU
78.	Clerodendron serratumSpreng	T	Verbenaceae	Bharangi	RT, L
79.	Clitoria terentea Linn	H	Leguminosae	Aparajita	RT, L, SD
80.	Coccinia grandis Linn	C	Cucurbitaceae	Kundari	WH
81.	Codonopsis ovatabenth	H	Campnulaceae	Bastard ginseng,	RT
82.	Coleus vettiveroides Benth	T	Labiatae	Valakam	WH
83.	Coriandar sativum Linn	H	Umbeliferae	Dhaniya	FU
84.	Coscinum fenerstratum W	C	Menispermaceae	Kuldi	RT
85.	Crocus sativus Linn.	S	Iridaceae	Kumkuma	FL
86.	Cuccumis trigonus	C	Cucurbitaceae	Pongari	RT
87.	Curcuma aromatica Salib	H	Zinziberaceae	Jangali halad	RT
88.	Curcuma longa Linn.	H	Zingiberaceae	Haridra	RH
89.	Curcuma zedoria Rosc.	H	Zingiberaceae	Ekangi	TU
90.	Cynodon dactylon Linn	H	Graminae	Durva	WH ,RT
91.	Cyprus rotundus Linn	H	Cyperaceae	Motha/Mustak	RT
92.	Datura fastuosa Linn.	H	Solanaceae	Dhutura	L
93.	Desmodium gangeticum D.C.	H	Leguminosae	Shalaparni	WH
94.	Desmotricum fimbriatum Lindl.	H	Orchidaceae	Jivanti	RT
95.	Dipterocanthus prostratus Ness	H	Acanthaceae	-	RT
96.	Dolichos biflorus Linn.	H	Leguminosae	Kulattha	SD
97.	Echinopus echinatus	H	Asteraceae	Utakanta	RT
98.	Eclipta alba Hassk	H	Asteraceae	Bhringaraj	WH ,L, RT
99.	Elephantopus scaber Linn	H	Asteraceae	Gobhi, Punjaki	RT
100.	Eletraia cardamomum Maton.	C	Zingiberaceae	Elaich	SD
101.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	C	Myrsinaceae	Bidanga	FU
102.	Emlica officinalis Geartn	T	Euphorbiaceae	Amlaki	FU, L
103.	Ephedra vulgaris Hook.f.	C	Gnetaceae	Somlata	ST
104.	Erythrina indica Lam	T	Leguminosae	Paribhadra	L, ST
105.	Erythrina variegate Linn.	T	Leguminosae	Badisa	L
106.	Eucalyptus globus Labill	T	Myrtaceae	Karpura	OL
107.	Euphorbia hirta Linn	H	Euphorbiceae	Dhudhi	RT
108.	Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.	H	Euphorbiaceae	Snuhi	LX
109.	Euphorbia pilosa Linn.	S	Euphorbiaceae	Chuplya	LX
110.	Euphorbia thymifolia R.Br.	H	Euphorbiaceae	Dugdhika	WH
111.	Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.	C	Umbelliferae	Shankhapuspi	FU
112.	Feronia elephantum Correa	T	Rutaceae	Kapirath	L
113.	Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke	S	Umbellierae	Hingu	GU
114.	Ficus amottiana Miq	T	Moraceae	Paraspipal	L, ST
115.	Ficus bengalensis Linn.	T	Moraceae	Vad	ST
116.	Ficus glomerata Roxb	T	Moraceae	Gular	WH , RT
117.	Ficus hispida Linn.f.	T	Moraceae	Kakodambara	ST
118.	Ficus lacor Buch. Ham.	T	Moraceae	Plaksha	ST
119.	Ficus religiosa Linn	T	Moraceae	Pipal	ST ,SH, L
120.	Ficus retusa Linn	T	Moraceae	Kuni	RT, L, ST
121.	Gloriosa superba Linn.	C	Liliaceae	Langloli	RT
122.	Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.	S	Leguminosae	Jastimadhu,	RT, L
123.	Gmellina arboria Roxb	T	Verbenaceae	Shivam	RT, L
124.	Gmellina eliptica Sm	S	Verbenaceae	-	RT
125.	Grawia hirsuteVahl	S	Tiliaceae	-	RT
126.	Grewia tenax Forsk.	T	Tiliaceae	Gangu kanger	WH
127.	Grewia tiliaefolia Vahl.	T	Tiliaceae	Dhamina	ST
128.	Gymnema sylvestreR.Br.	C	Asclepiadaceae	Meshsringi	L
129.	Hedychium spicatum Ham ex Smith	H	Zingiberaceae	Sathi	RT
130.	Heliotropium indicum Linn	S	Boranginaceae	Hastisanda	L
131.	Heliotropium eichwaldi Stead	S	Boranginaceae	Nilkatte	L
132.	Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.	C	Asclepiadaceae	Anantamul	RT
133.	Hollarrhena antidysentrica Wall	T	Apocynaceae	Kutaj	RT, ST, SD
134.	Hordeum vulgare Linn.	H	Graminae	Yava	GR
135.	Hydnocorpus laurifolias	T	Violaceae	Kowl	SD, OL
136.	Hydrolea zeylanica Vhal.	S	Hydrophyllaceae	Ishalamgla	RT
137.	Ichnocarpus frutescens R.Br.	S	Apocynaceae	Shyama	RT
138.	Indigophera aspalathoides Vahl Ex D.C.	T	Leguminosae	Ingudi	SD
139.	Ipomea paniculata R.Br.	C	Convolvulaceae	Kushmanda	RT
140.	Ipomea turpethum R.Br.	H	Convolvulaceae	Trivirita	RT
141.	Iris germanica Linn.	S	Irideae	Padmakeshar	ST
142.	Jasminum auriculatum Vahl.	C	Oleaceae	Juthika	FL
143.	Jasminum grandiflorumLinn	C	Oleaceae	Chameli	WH
144.	Jasminum officinalis Linn.	C	Oleaceae	Jati	RT
145.	Jasminum sambac Ait.	C	Oleaceae	Mogra	ST, L, SD
146.	Jatropha curcas Linn	S	Euphorbiaceae	Mogali erand	L
147.	Jatropha gosypifolia Linn.	S	Oleaceae	Ratnajot	RT, ST, L, SD
148.	Kaempheria rotunda	S	Zinziberaceae	Bhuichampa	WH
149.	Klenhovia hospital Linn	S	Streculiaceae	Berora	L
150.	Lagenaria vulgaris Seringe.	C	Cucurbitaceae	Ikshaku	SD
151.	Lantana camera Linn	S	Verbenaceae	Kuri	WH
152.	Leea aequata Linn	S	Vitaceae	Leea	RT
153.	Lilium gigantium Wall	H	Liliaceae	Sunset plant	L
154.	Linum usitatissimum Linn	H	Linaceae	Alasi	SD, OL
155.	Lippia nodiflora Mich.	H	Verbenaceae	Jalapippai	FU
156.	Litsea citrate Lam	T	Lauraceae	Garbijaur	ST
157.	Loranthus asper Desr.	C	Loranthaceae	Bandaka	WH
158.	Loranthus longiflorus Desr	S	Loranthaceae	Vanda	L, FL
159.	Luffa acutangula Linn	C	Cucurbitaceae	Kritamul	SD
160.	Luvunga scandens Buch. Ham.	H	Rutaceae	Kakoli	RT
161.	Lycopus europus Linn	C	Labiate	Jalnin	L
162.	Lygodium flexuosum Linn	H	Schizaeceae	Rajhans	RT
163.	Madhuca indica J.F.Gmel	T	Sapotaceae	Moha	WH
164.	Mallotus philippinensis Muell.Arg.	T	Euphorbiaceae	Kampillaka	SD, FU
165.	Melastoma malabathricum Linn	S	Melastomaceae	Malabar melastome	RT
166.	Melia azedarach Linn	T	Meliaceae	Bakain	ST, ST
167.	Meriandra strobilifera Benth	T	Labiatae	Kafur	L
168.	Mertynia diandra Glox.	H	Mertyneceae	Baghnakhi	FU, FL
169.	Mesua ferrea Linn.	S	Guttiferae	Nagkesar	SM
170.	Mimosa pudica Linn.	R	Mimosaceae	Lajjalu	WH
171.	Mimusops elengi Linn.	T	Sapotaceae	Bakul	ST
172.	Morinda citrifolia Linn	T	Rubiaceae	Ach,Aal	L
173.	Moringa oleifera Lamk	T	Moringaceae	Sajina	RT
174.	Mucuna pruriens Bak.	C	Leguminosae	Kapikacchhu	RT
175.	Murryaya koenginii spreng	S	Rutaceae	Kadipatta	RT
176.	Musa paradisiaca Linn.	S	Musaceae	Kadali	ST
177.	Myrica nagi Thumb.	T	Myricaceae	Katphala	ST
178.	Nardostachys jatamansi D.C.	H	Valerianaceae	Jatamansi	RT
179.	Nelsonia canescens	H	Acanthaceae	blue pussy leaf	RT
180.	Nelumbium speciosum Willd.	C	Nymphaeaceae	Kamal	RT
181.	Nelumbo nucifera Willd.	C	Nymphaeaceae	Pundariya	ST
182.	Nerium indicum Mill.	S	Apocynaceae	Karabi	RT
183.	Nymphoea stellata Willd.	C	Nymphaeaceae	Nilotapala	RT
184.	Nymphoea lotus stellata Willd.	C	Nymphaeaceae	Shapla	RT
185.	Ochradenus baccatus Del	T	Resedaceae	Kalliram	L
186.	Odina woodier Roxb.	T	Anacardiaceae	Jingira	ST
187.	Oledelandia biflora Linn.	T	Rubiaceae	Khetpapra	WH
188.	Oroxulum indicum vent	T	Bignonaceae	Sonpatha	RT ,SD
189.	Oryza sativa Linn.	H	Graminae	Shetashalitand	SD
190.	Oscimum sanctum Linn	H	Labiaceae	Tulsi	L
191.	Papaver somiferum Linn.	H	Papaveraceae	Ahiphena	SD
192.	Pavetta indicm	T	Rubiaceae	Jarum-jarum	RT
193.	Phaseolus trilobus Ait.	H	Leguminosae	Mudga	RT, WH
194.	Phragmites maxima Blatter & Mc Cann	H	Graminae	Nalmula	RT
195.	Picorrhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth.	H	Scrophulariaceae	Katuki	RH
196.	Pinus gradiyana Wall	T	Pinaceae	Rhi	SD
197.	Pinus longifolia Roxb	T	Pinaceae	Cheer	OL
198.	Piper auranticum Linn.	C	Piparaceae	Renuka	FU
199.	Piper chava Hunter.	C	Piparaceae	Chavika	FU
200.	Piper longum Linn.	C	Piparaceae	Pipul	RT
201.	Piper nigrum Linn.	C	Piparaceae	Marich	FU
202.	Pisum sativum Linn.	C	Verbenaceae	Harenu	L
203.	Plantago lanciolata Linn	T	Plantagenaceae	Bal tanga	L
204.	Pluchea lanceolata Oliver & Hiern	H	Asteraceae	Rasna	L
205.	Plumbago zeylanica Linn.	C	Plumbaginaceae	Chita	RT
206.	Pongamia glabra Vent.	T	Leguminosae	Karanja	SD, L
207.	Portulaca quadrifida Linn	H	Portulaceae	Lonia	L
208.	Premna integrifolia Linn.	S	Verbenaceae	Ganiari	RT
209.	Prunus amygdalus Batsch	T	Rosaceae	Almond	WH
210.	Prunus cerasus Linn.	T	Rosaceae	Elabaluka	SD
211.	Prunus mahaleb Linn.	S	Rosaceae	Priyangu	RT
212.	Prunus puddum Roxb.	T	Rosaceae	Padmakastha	ST
213.	Psidium guajavaLinn	H	Myrtaceae	Amrud	L
214.	Psoralia corylifolia Linn.	C	Leguminosae	Bakuchi	SD
215.	Pteredium aquilinum Khun	H	Polypopdiaceae	Bracken	RT
216.	Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.	T	Papilionaceae	Raktachandan	ST
217.	Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb	S	Leguminoceae	Bijasar	L
218.	Randia dumentorum Linn.	S	Rubiaceae	Madan	ST
219.	Rannunculus scleratus Linn.	S	Rannunculaceae	Kandira	WH
220.	Rauwolfia serpentina Bent	S	Apocynaceae	Chota chandra	RT, L
221.	Resantia indica	H	Celastraceae	-	RT
222.	Rhinacanthus nasutus K	T	Acanthaceae	Palakjuhi	RT, L
223.	Rhus succdeania Linn.	H	Anacardiaceae	Karkatashringi	GL
224.	Rosa chinensisJacq	S	Rosaceae	Sada gulab	FU
225.	Rosa multiflora Herm	S	Rosaceae	Kujai	FU
226.	Rubia cordifolia Linn.	S	Rubiaceae	Manjistha	RT
227.	Rumex crispa Linn.	S	Aristolochiaceae	Betas	WH
228.	Salix tetrasperma Roxb.	S	Salicaceae	Jalabetas	ST, FL
229.	Salmalia malabarica Schott &Endl	S	Bombacaceae	Shimul	ST
230.	Salvia moorcroftiana Wall	S	Labiatae	Sage species	FL
231.	Salvia officinalis Linn	S	Labiatae	Sage	WH
232.	Santalum albam Linn.	T	Santalanaceae	Swetchandana	ST
233.	Saraca indica Linn.	T	Leguminosae	Asoka	ST
234.	Saussurea lappa C.B.Clarke	H	Asteraceae	Kur	RT
235.	Semecarpus anacardium Linn.	T	Anacardaceae	Bhallataka	RT
236.	Sesasum indicum Linn	H	Pedaliaceae	Til	L, SD, OL
237.	Shorea robusta Gareth	T	Dipterocarpaceae	Sal	ST, SD, RS
238.	Sida acuta Burn	S	Malvaceae	Boriora	RT
239.	Sida cordifolia Linn	H	Malvaceae	Bala	RT
240.	Sida spinosa Linn.	S	Malvaceae	Chakule	RT
241.	Solena heterophylla Lour.	S	Cucurbitaceae	Bankundri	L
242.	Soymida febrifuga A. Juss	T	Meliaceae	Rohera	ST
243.	Spaeranthus indicus Linn.	H	Asteraceae	Mundi	RT
244.	Spirogyra elongata	A	Algae	Shaibal	FI
245.	Stfordia fruticosa Kurz.	S	Lytheraceae	Dhataki	FL
246.	Strebulus asper Lour.	S	Moraceae	Shoera	RT
247.	Strychnos nux vomica Linn	T	Loganiaceae	Visha-mukti	L
248.	Swertia chirata Buch.Ham.	H	Gentinaceae	Chireta	ST, L
249.	Symplocos racemosa Ro	T	Symplocaceae	Luddi/Lodhraka	ST
250.	Syzygium cumini Skeels	T	Myrtaceae	Jambu,Jamun	ST, FU
251.	Tagetes erecta Linn	H	Asteraceae	Bhuidri	FL, L
252.	Tamarix gallica Linn	S	Tamaraceae	Jhau	WH
253.	Tarenna asiatica Linn. Alston	S	Rubiaceae	Kommichittu	L
254.	Tecoma radicans JuS	C	Bignonaceae	Trumpet Creeper	RT
255.	Tephrosia purpurea pers	H	Leguminosae	Sarapunkha	WH
256.	Terminalia arjuna Bedd	T	Combretaceae	Kahu	ST
257.	Terminalia chebula Retz.	T	Combreraceae	Haritki	FU
258.	Terminaliraia belerica Roxb.	T	Combreraceae	Bibhitaka	FU
259.	Thespesia populnea Soland ex correa	T	Malvaceae	Palashpipul	FU, L, RT
260.	Thuja orientalis Linn	T	Cuprasasae	Vidya	ST
261.	Tinospora tomentosa Colebr.	T	Menispermaceae	Padmagulancha	ST
262.	Trechyspermum ammiLinn.	H	Umbelliferae	Ajwain,	SD
263.	Tribulus terretris Linn.	R	Zygophyllaceae	Gokshura	FU
264.	Tricodesma indicum R.Br.	C	Cucurbitaceae	Surasa	RT
265.	Tricosanthes dioica Roxb.	C	Cucurbitaceae	Palta	L, ST
266.	Tridex Procumbens Linn.	H	Asteraceae	Ekdandi	L
267.	Tylophora fasciculata H	H	Asclepiadaceae	Gundra	L
268.	Typha elephantine Linn	T	Typhaceae	Cat tails	FU
269.	Vateria indica Linn.	T	Dipterocarpaceae	Sarja	LX
270.	Veronia anthelmintic Willd.	S	Asteraceae	Somraj	SD
271.	Veronia teris Wall	H	Asteraceae	Banda	WH
272.	Veronica beccalunga Linn	H	Scrophulariceae	Ashwakandika	WH
273.	Vernonia arborea Hk	T	Asteraceae	-	L
274.	Viscum album Linn	C	Loranthaceae	Pitabringi	WH
275.	Vitex negundo Linn.	S	Verbeneceae	Nishinda	L
276.	Wedelia calendulacea Less	H	Asteraceae	Bhringaraj	L
277.	Widelia wallichi Los	H	Asteraceae	-	WH
278.	Witahnia somnifera Dunal.	S	Solanaceae	Ashwagandha	TU, RT
279.	Xanthium stumarium	S	Asteraceae	Chote gokhru	RT
280.	Zingiber officinale Rosc.	H	Zingiberaceae	Sunthi	RH
281.	Ziziphus jujube Linn	T	Rhamnaceae	Bor	RT
282.	Ziziphus mauritiana Linn	T	Rhamnaceae	Bor	RT
283.	Ziziphus vulgaris Linn	T	Rhamnaceae	Bor	ST

H = Herbs, S = Shrubs, T = Tree, C = Climber, R = Runners, A = Aquatic, L = Leaves, SD = Seeds, ST = Stem, FU = Fruit, WH = Whole plant, RH = Rhizome, RT = Root, FL = Flower, LX = Latex, OL = Oil, TU = Tuber, GU = Gum, SH = Shoot, GR = Grain, SM = Stamen, GL = Gall, RS = Resin, FI = Filament,

The present investigation comprises geographical distribution of wound healing plants throughout India was 283 of which 79.15% was found in Maharashatra and 46.28% observed in Jalgaon District. 283 plant species of ethnomedicinal plants, distributed in 236 genera belonging to 97 families. For each species botanical name, family, local name, parts used, is provided. Traditional healers are using these plants to cure diseases related to skin problems, cold, fever, cough, headache, diarrhea, fertility problems, toothache, stomach ache, diabetes, rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, small pox, bone fractures, earache, hair loss and poison (snake, scorpion and insect) bites especially wounds. Zingiberaceae was the dominant monocot family followed by Poaceae family. Trees (93 species) were found to be the most used plants (Figure 3) followed by Herbs (87 species), shrubs (67 species) and climbers (40 species) in descending order.

Figure 3. Distributions of wound healing plants habit wise.

Only one aquatic plant, 93.63% of dicotyledons and 6.34% of monocotyledons, plants are of wound healing in nature. The most dominant families in the study were Leguminosae (23 species) (Figure 4), Asteraceae (20 species), Euphorbiceae (10 species), Moraceae and Rubiaceae (09 species), Cucurbitaceae, Verbenaceae, Zingiberaceae (08 species), Poaceae, Rosaceae and Rutaceae (07 species), Asclepiadaceae, Oleaceae and Umbellifarae (06 species), Apocynaceae and Labiatae (05 species) Acanthaceac, Comberetaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Myrsinaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Piparaceae and Scrophulariaceae (04 species), Celastraceae, Convulvulaceae Dipterocarpaceae, Loranthaceae, Meliaceae, Menispermaceae, Mimosaceae, Pinaceae, Rhamnaceae, Sapotaceae, and Tiliaceae (03 species), Other families with less number are listed below: Amaranthaceae, Annonaceae, Berberidaceae, Bignonaceae, Boranginaceae, Capparideceae, Guttiferae, Lauraceae, Papaveraceae, Pedaliaceae, Polypopdiaceae, Solanaceae, and Vitaceae (2 species), whereas 48 families have single species. Different parts of medicinal plants were used as medicine by the local traditional healers.

Figure 4. Familiwise distribution of wound healing plants.

Arebic number represents number of plant species

Mostly root was used for wound healing followed by leaves (Figure 5A). Part used are in following order stem > seed > whole plant > fruit > flower > rhizome > tuber > shoot > stamen > grain > gall > filament.

Figure 5A. Distribution of part used of wound healing plants.

In addition to plant parts, plant products used by adivasi neighborhood, as under latex > oil > resin and gum (Figure 5B).

Figure 5B. Distribution of plant product of wound healing plants.

The scientific approaches for the study of traditional plant-based remedies for wound healing will provide us an important platform for rigorous testing and evaluation of their clinical efficacy based on animal models.

Table 3 Wound healing plants belonging to North Maharashatra region.

Sr. no.	*Name of the plant*	Habit	*Family*	Common name	Part used
1.	Abrus precalorius linn	C	Leguminosae	Gunja,Kunch	SD
2.	Acacia arebica (Linn)	T	Mimosaceae	Babul	ST,L,FU,SD
3.	Acacia ferneiana Willd	T	Leguminosae	Irimeda	ST
4.	Achyranthus aspera linn	H	Amaranthaceae	Apamarga	WH
5.	Achyranthus bdentata Blure	H	Amaranthaceae	Raktapuspi	WH
6.	Acorus calamus Linn	H	Araceae	Bacha	RH
7.	Adathoda vasica Nees	S	Acanthaceac	Basak	L
8.	Adiantum, subulatum Burm	H	Polypopdiaceae	Hansapdi	L
9.	Aegle mermelos Corr	T	Rutaceae	Bilwa	L, ST
10.	Albizzia lebbeck Benth	T	Leguminosae	Shirisa	ST
11.	Alstonia schlolaris (Roxb)	T	Apocynaceae	Saptapama	L, ST, ST
12.	Anacardium occidentale (L)	H	Anacardiaceae	Batad	RT, ST, FU
13.	Annona squemosa (Linn)	T	Annonaceae	sitaphal	RT, L,FU,SD
14.	Anogeisus latifolia Wall	S	Comberetaceae	Dhava	ST
15.	Anthocephalus cadamba	T	Rubiaceae	Kadamba	ST
16.	Argemone maxicana (Linn)	H	Papaveraceae	Katuparni	RT, LX
17.	Asparagus racemosa Willd	C	Liliaceae	Satavri	RT
18.	Azadirachta indica (Linn)	T	Meliaceae	Nimba	L,OL
19.	Balanites roxburghii Planch	T	Simaronbaceae	Hingana	ST
20.	Baliospermum monatanum Muell	S	Euphorbiceae	Danti	L
21.	Bauhinia purpurea (Linn)	T	Leguminosae	Lai-kovidar	SB, FL, FU
22.	Biophytum sensitivum (Linn)	H	Gerandaceae	Lajalu	SD
23.	Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.	H	Nyctaginaceae	Punarnava	WH
24.	Bombusa arudinacea	T	Graminae	Vansha lochan	ST, SH
25.	Boswellia serrata	T	Bursaraceae	Salai	L
26.	Bryophyllum calliciniu (Linn)	H	Crassulaceae	Pattharchur	L
27.	Caesalpinia bonducella f.	T	Leguminosae	Karanja	SD
28.	Caesalpinia sappan Linn.	S	Leguminosae	kuchandan	SD
29.	Calendula officinalis Linn.	H	Asteraceae	Marigold	FL
30.	Callophylum inophylum	T	Guttiferae	Sultanchampa	RT
31.	Calotropis gigantean Linn.	S	Asciepidiaceae	Rajarka	LX
32.	Canabis sativa (Linn)	H	Cannabinaceae	Bhang	L
33.	Carthamus tinctorius (Linn)	S	Asteraceae	Kusum	SD
34.	Celastrus panniculatus Willd	C	Celastraceae	Jotismti	SD
35.	Centilla asiatica (Linn)	H	Umbeliferaceae	Mandukparni	WH, SD
36.	Citrullus colocynthis schard	C	Cucurbitaceae	Indrabaruni	RT, FU
37.	Citrus medica Linn.	S	Rutaceae	Matulunga	FU
38.	Clerodendron serratum	T	Verbenaceae	Bharangi	RT, L
39.	Clitoria terentea (Linn)	H	Leguminosae	Aparajita	RT, L, SD
40.	Coccinia grand (Linn)	C	Cucurbitaceae	Kundari	WH
41.	Coriandar sativum (Linn)	H	Umbeliferae	Dhaniya	FU
42.	Curcuma aromatica (Salib)	H	Zinziberaceae	Jangali halad	RT
43.	Curcuma longa Linn.	H	Zingiberaceae	Haridra	RH
44.	Cynodon dactylon (Linn)	H	Graminae	Durva	WH ,RT
45.	Cyprus rotundus (Linn)	H	Cyperaceae	Motha/Mustak	RT
46.	Datura fastuosa Linn.	H	Solanaceae	Dhutura	L
47.	Desmodium gangeticum D.C.	H	Leguminosae	Shalaparni	WH
48.	Dolichos biflorus Linn.	H	Leguminosae	Kulattha	SD
49.	Echinopus echinatus	H	Asteraceae	Utakanta	RT
50.	Ehlipta alba (Linn)	H	Asteraceae	Bhringaraj	WH ,L, RT
51.	Elephantopus scaber	H	Asteraceae	Gobhi, Punjaki	RT
52.	Embelia ribes Burm.f.	C	Myrsinaceae	Bidanga	FU
53.	Emlica officinalis Linn.	T	Euphorbiaceae	Amlaki	FU, L
54.	Erythrina indica (Lam)	T	Leguminosae	Paribhadra	L, ST
55.	Erythrina variegate Linn.	T	Leguminosae	Badisa	L
56.	Eucaiyptus globus (Labill)	T	Myrtaceae	Karpura	OL
57.	Euphorbia hirta (Linn)	H	Euphorbiceae	Dhudhi	RT
58.	Euphorbia nerifolia Linn.	H	Euphorbiaceae	Snuhi	LX
59.	Euphorbia thymifolia R.Br.	H	Euphorbiaceae	Dugdhika	WH
60.	Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.	C	Umbelliferae	Shankhapuspi	FU
61.	Ferula jaeschkaena (Vatkke)	S	Umbellierae	Hingu	GU
62.	Ficus amottiana (Miq)	T	Moraceae	Paraspipal	L, ST
63.	Ficus bengalensis Linn.	T	Moraceae	Vad	ST
64.	Ficus glomeratus (Linn)	T	Moraceae	Gular	WH , RT
65.	Ficus hispida Linn.f.	T	Moraceae	Kakodambara	ST
66.	Ficus nlacor Buch. Ham.	T	Moraceae	Plaksha	ST
67.	Ficus religiosa (Linn)	T	Moraceae	Pipal	ST ,SH, L
68.	Gloriosa superba Linn.	C	Liliaceae	Langloli	RT
69.	Gmellina arboria (Roxb)