Ethnobotanical Leaflets 12: 305-310. 2008.
Ethnobotany of Andhra Pradesh: A Review
K.N. Reddy
Laila Impex R&D Centre, Unit-I, Phase-III Jawahar Autonagar, Vijayawada 520 007
Issued 24 May 2008
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the work done so far in the ethnobotany of Andhra Pradesh.
OVERVIEW
Plants have been used both in the prevention and cure of various diseases of humans and their pets. With the advent of human civilization, many systems of therapy have been developed primarily based on plants. Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Sidda, Unani, etc. are our traditional systems of medicines. The plant-based traditional medical systems continue to provide the primary health care to more than three-quarters of the worlds populace. The World Health Organization has estimated that over 80% of the global population rely chiefly on traditional medicine (Akerele 1992).
Indigenous herbal treatment is a part of the culture and dominant mode of therapy in most of the developing countries. These traditional phytoremedies, with a considerable extent of effectiveness, are socially accepted, economically viable and mostly are the only available means. Still, one-third of the modern pharmaceutical preparations have botanical origin. International trade on medicinal plants is, therefore, increasing rapidly mainly as result of intensified adoption of crude extracts for self-medication by the general public in the developed countries. In India, the use of plants for medicinal treatment dates back to 5000 years. It was officially recognized that 2500 plant species have medicinal value while over 6000 plants are estimated to be explored in traditional, folk and herbal medicine (Huxley 1984).
Ethnobotanical research can provide a wealth of information regarding both past and present relationships between plants and the traditional societies. Investigations into traditional use and management of local flora have demonstrated the existence of extensive local knowledge of not only about the physical and chemical properties of many plant species, but also the phenological and ecological features in the case of domesticated species. In addition to its traditional roles in economic botany and exploration of human cognition, ethnobotanical research has been applied to current areas of study such as biodiversity prospecting and vegetation management. It is hoped that, in the future, ethnobotany may play an increasingly important role in sustainable devolopment and biodiversity conservation (Rajasekaran & Warren 1994). In interaction with the traditional areas of science, ethnobotany gives out several interrelated and interdisciplinary subjects link ethnomedicine, ethnoarchaeology, ethnobryology, ethnoecology, ethnoagriculture, ethnonarcotics, ethnopharmacology, etc. Ethnobotanical investigation has led to the documentation of a large number of wild plants used by tribal for meeting their multifarious requirements (Anonymous 1990). Studies on ethnobotany was initiated by Janaki-Ammal as an official programme in the Economic Botany Section of Botanical Survey of India (Howrah) in 1954. From 1960, Jain started intensive field studies among tribal areas of central India (Jain 1963 a-e; 1964 a-c; 1965 a-b). These publications in early sixties triggered ethnobotanical activities in many botanists, anthropologists and ayurvedic medical practitioners. An AICRP on Ethnobiology came into operation from 1982 at NBRI, Lucknow, and four centres (Shillong, Howrah, Coimbatore and Port Blair) of Botanical Survey of India (Jain & Mitra 1997). Mudgal (1987) provided a synoptic account of ethnobotanical works in India. Binu et al. (1992) compiled the ethnobotanical work carried out in India. Later, Lalramnghinglova & Jha (1999) reviewed work on ethnobotany of the World with special reference to India. An important prerequisite for proper utilization of raw materials of the country is the survey of its natural resources and the preparation of an inventory. It is necessary that we should have full knowledge regarding the occurrence, frequency, distribution and phenology of various plants for their proper utilization. The forests of Andhra Pradesh have great potentiality both from the economic and botanical points of view. The State is one of the timber and non-timber rich forests in India.
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES IN ANDHRA PRADESH: A REVIEW
Andhra State was carved out of the earstwhile Presidency of Madras in 1953 with Kurnool as its capital in response to the desire of telugu-speaking people. According to the State Recognition Commission, Andhra Pradesh was formed on November 1, 1956 by the addition of nine districts, which were formerly in Nizams Dominion. Later on, three more new districts were constituted out of the existing. The 23 districts of the State are grouped into three geographically distinct regions called Circars or Coastal Andhra (with nine districts), Rayalaseema (with four districts) and Telangana (with 10 districts).
While Edgar Thurston (1909) provided a glimpse of the castes and tribes of southern India, S.S. Hassan (1920) describes the castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizams Dominions. Later, C.V.F. Haimendorf, the British Anthropologist, was appointed by the Nizam to study the plight of the tribes in his dominion in the light of tribal unrest in Madras Presidency. Haimendorf (1943, 1945, 1979) published accounts of Chenchus, the Reddis of Bison hills and the Gonds of Adilabad. These publications carry information largely about the life-styles, customs, socio-economic conditions and, to some extent, the crops raised and plants used by the ethnic tribes.
Andhra Pradesh State is ethnobotanically well-explored, most of the work done was during 1985-2002. The work so far done in the field of ethnobotanical resources by different workers to help the modern World as well as local communities in the rein disappearing knowledge and returning it to local communities in Andhra Pradesh are reviewed here.
Pal & Banerjee (1971) reported the less-known plant-foods among the tribals of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa. Krishnamachari (1900) has reported the use of the leaves of Erythroxylum monogynum (Devadari) and the roots of Aloe vera (Kalabanda) as a food during famine. Hemadri (1976) wrote a paper on the procurement of raw drugs in Andhra Pradesh. Rao & Hamadri (1979) published the book on Andhra Pradeshlo Mandumokkalu (The Medicinal Plants of Andhra Pradesh). Later, Hemadri wrote two books in Telugu, namely, Andhra Pradesh lo Vanamulikalu (1987) and Shastravettalanu Akarshinstunna Girijana Vaidyam (1994). The latter is about the ethnobotany of various tribes more or less covering the three geographical regions of Andhra Pradesh. The medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh by Hemadri et al. (1986, 1987) contains a mere list of medicinal plants. Ramarao et al. (1999) published a brief note on phyto-zootherapy of the tribes of Andhra Pradesh. V. S Raju (2001) made a note on Ethnoveterinary medicine in Andhra Pradesh, Ratnam & Raju (2005) reported Folk medicine used for common women ailments by Adivasis in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. S.N. Jadhav & K.N. Reddy (2006) presented detail account on threatened medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. Bhakshu & Raju (2007) made abstract account on Ethno-medico-botanical studies of certain medicinal plants and certain Euphorbiaciaceous medicinal plants of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Geetha & Raju (2007) made a note on Ethno-medico-botanical properties of Terminalia species in the forests of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh.
There are ethnobotanical works either based on an ethnic tribe or on phytotherapy of a disease. Anonymous (1966) provided the information on Koyas of Andhra Pradesh. Hemadri (1981) reported the tribal medicine for rheumatism and Hemadri & Rao (1983, 1984) enlisted the plant species for leucorrhoea, menorrhagia and jaundice. Ramarao et al. (1984) presented the note on ethnobotanical studies in Andhra Pradesh while Ramarao (1988) did his Ph.D. work on the Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh. Vedavathy & Mrudula (1996) list out the herbal medicines used by Yanadis. Rao & Prasad (1995) enlisted the ethnomedicines from the tribes of Andhra Pradesh while R.V. Reddy et al. (1996) studied the ethnobotany of less-known tuber-yielding plants of Andhra Pradesh. Vedavathy & Mrudala (1996) reported the Herbal folk medicine of Yanadis of Andhra Pradesh. Rajendran et al. (1996, 1997) reported the hepatic stimulant and ichthyotonic plants of Andhra Pradesh. M.H. Reddy et al. (1996) provided a perspective of tribal medicine from Rutaceae. Ramarao & Henry (1996) carried out the publication on Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh.
C.S. Reddy et al. (2000) contains a note on medicinal uses of Hildegardia populifolia and Pterocarpus santalinus: Red listed and endemic taxa in Andhra Pradesh. S.N. Jadhav et al. (2001) proceedings of the workshop on conservation Assessment and Management Planning (CAMP) for medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. C.S. Reddy et al. (2001) enumerated the threatened medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. R. Jeevan & Raju. (2001) described certain potential crude drugs used by tribals of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh for Skin diseases. K.N. Reddy et al. (2002) reported the ethnobotany of some of the orchids of Andhra Pradesh while S.N. Jadhav & K.N. Reddy (2002) presents a paper on In-Situ Conservation of Medicinal Plants in Andhra Pradesh. K.N. Reddy & C.S. Reddy (2002) published a booklet on floristic and phytosociological studies on plant wealth with focus on medicinal plants of Sukkumamidi Medicinal plants Conservation Area, Bhadrachalam South Division, Khammam district and K.N. Reddy & Sujata (2002) ennumerated some selected fibre yielding plants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. K.N. Reddy & Subbaraju (2005) provided the list of plants used for ethnomedicine from Maredumilli region of East Godavari district while K.N. Reddy et al. (2005, 2006, 2007) published four papers on the rheumatic diseases of Eastern Ghats, ethnobotany for certain orchids, ethnoveterinay medicine for livestock and the ethnobotanical uses for respiratory disorders in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. C.S. Reddy et al. (2006) reported the ethnobotanical observations on some endemic plants of Eastern Ghats. Pullaiah (2007) provided the information for 412 plants in his publication of Medicinal plant of Andhra Pradesh. Savitramma et al. (2007) studied the ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh. Thulsi Rao et al. (2007) contains a note on Ethnomedicinal Importance of Pteridophytes used by Chenchus of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh . R. Jeevan et al. (2007) enlisted the rare and little known medicinal plants from Nallamalais of Eastern Ghats. K.N. Reddy et al. (2007) reported the traditional knowledge on wild food Plants in Andhra Pradesh while K.N. Reddy & C.S. Reddy (2008) enlisted First Red-list of Medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh - Conservation Assessment Management Planning (CAMP) K.N. Reddy et al. (2008) carried out the work on plants used in traditional handicrafts in North-eastern Andhra Pradesh. Gayatri & Srividya (2008) made a note on Ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditionally used edible leaves, seeds flowers among women-A transgenerational study. G.T. Reddy & Raju (2007) ennumerated Medico-botanical evaluation of crude drugs used for alimentary disorders and Folk-medicine as antidote by adivasis of Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh.
Ethnobotanical work research works carried in Andhra Pradesh are arranged region wise alphabetically.
COASTAL ANDHRA
Krishnamurthy (1958) published a paper on the tribal people of Rampa and Gudem agency of Godavari lower Division, East Godavari district. Banerjee (1977) & Gupta et al. (1997) has reported the ethnobotany of Araku valley in Visakhapatnam district. T.A. Reddy (1980) note down some medicinal plants of Polavaram Agency, West Godavari district. Nisteswar & Kumar (1980, 1983) reported the phytomedicine from Rampa and Addateegala Agency, East Godavari district. Rao & Harasreeramulu (1985) described the selected medicinal plants of Srikakulam district. Sudhakar & Rao (1985) enlisted the medicinal plants of East Godavari while Aruneekumar et al. (1990) enumerated the medicinal plants of Kakinada. The medicinal plant wealth of Krishna district was described by Venkanna (1990). Hemadri (1991) made a note of the medicinal flora of Srikakulam district. Sudarshanam & Balaji (1994) published the medicinal plants of Nellore district used by Yanadis. M.S. Raju (1996) reported the antidotes to snake-bites and other poisonous animals from East Godavari. Krishamohan & Bhairavamurthy (1992) and Vijaykumar & Pullaiah (1998) studied the ethnomedicine of Prakasham district. Prasad et al. (1999) documented the food plants of Konda Reddis of Rampa Agency, East Godavari district. Dahdouh-Guebas et.al. (2006) Analysing ethnobotanical and fishery-related importance of mangroves of the East-Godavari Delta (Andhra Pradesh, India) for conservation and management purposes. K.N. Reddy & Subbaraju (2005) made a note on ethnomedicine from Maredumilli region of East Godavari district while K.N. Reddy et al. (2005) published a work on Ethno-therapeutics of certain Ayurvedic medicinal Plants of Kondapalli Fort. and Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker: Red-Listed medicinal plant from Maredumilli region, East Godavari district. V.L.N. Rao et al. (2006) made a note of ethnomedicinal practices among Khonds of Visakhapatnam district. K.N. Reddy et al. (2007) enlisted the ethnomedicinal Plants used by the Valmikis of Visakhapatnam district. Haribabu & T.V.V.S. Reddy (2008) made a note on Ethnomedicine for women problems in Visakhapatnam district. Lakshmi & Lakshminarayana (2008) prepare a note on Some traditional medicinal plants used by jatapu tribe of Vizianagaram district.
RAYALASEEMA
Hemadri (1985) reported the medicinal plant wealth of Chittoor district. Rajareddy & Sudarshanam (1987) reported the veterinary medicinal plants of Chittoor district while Chettty & Rao (1989) studied the ethnobotany of Sarakallu and adjacent areas of the district. M.B. Reddy et al. (1988, 1989) surveyed the plants of Chenchu tribe and the medicinal plant crude drugs of Anantapur district. Nagaraju & Rao (1990a, b) enlisted the locally scarce and endangered medical plants of Tirumala hills and the plant crude drugs of Rayalaseema while Thammanna & Rao (1990) enumerated the common medicinal plants of Tirumala. Vedavathy & Rao (1989, 1991) published a work on Nephroprotectors-folkmedicine of Rayalaseema and Antipyretic activity of six indigenous medicinal plants of Tirumala hills while Vedavathy et al. (1991) prepare a note on folklore information from Rayalaseema region for family planning and birth control. Vijayalakhmi (1993) did her M.Phil dissertation work on the Chenchus of Ahobilam of Kurnool district. K.E. Reddy (1994) did his M.Phil dissertation work on ethnobotany of Gooty mandal, Anantapur district. R.V. Reddy (1995) did his Ph.D. work on Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Studies on Medicinal Plant Resources of Cuddapah District. Balaji et al. (1995) carried on folkmedicine of a Rayalaseema region. Sudarshanam et al. (1995) enlisted the veterinary crude drugs of Rayalaseema region. Vedavathy et al. (1994, 1995) worked on herbal folk medicine of Tirumala and Tirupati region and for birth control and ante post-pastrum treatments of chittoor district. R.V. Reddy et al. (1995, 1996) noted the ethnobotany of Aristolochia and reported the anti-fertility crude drugs from Cuddapah district. Rao et al. (1996) reported the ethnomedicinal plants of Tirumala hills for dental disorders. M.H. Reddy et al. (1996) enlisted the phytoterapy of snake bite in Nallamalais. Goud & Pullaiah (1996) enumerated the folk veterinary medicinal plants of Kurnool district. Vedavathy et al. (1997) Published a book on Tribal medicine of Chittoor district. K.N. Reddy (1997) did his M.Phil dissertation work on ethno-medico-botanical studies of Anantapur district. Goud et al. (1997) reported non-timber forest resources in the economy of tribals of Nallamalais. R.V. Reddy et al. (1997) reported the ethnomedicine for ephemeral fevers and anthrax in cattle from Cuddapah district. K.N. Reddy & Raju (1999) enumerated the plants in ethnoveterinary practices in Anantapur district. K.N. Reddy, et al. (2002) enlisted the Ethnobotanical plants among the Chenchus of Nallamalais of Kurnoll district. Pullaiah et al. (2003) report a note on medicinal plants used by the tribals of Nallamalais. K.N. Reddy et al. (2007) published a paper on Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of Seshachalam hills in Cuddapah district. Hema & Yosodamma (2008) made abstract account on Importance of Medicinal plants of Ardhagiri hill, Chittoor district. Nazaneen & Shali (2008) report a note on Plants traditionally used as galactogogue in Nallamalais of Kurnool district.
Khan (1953) mentioned the ethnobotanical uses of some plant species in his Forest Flora of Hydarabad. Kapoor & Kapoor (1980) enumerated the medicinal plant wealth of Karimnagar district. Hemadri (1990) gave a list of plant names, which are of medicinal value from the districts of Karimnagar and Warangal. Ravishankar (1990) did his Ph.D on Ethnobotanical Studies in Adilabad and Karimnagar Districts. In 1996, Pullaiah & Kumar enumerated the herbal plants in Mannanur forest of Mahabubnagar district. Kumar & Pullaiah (1998) made a note on Ethnomedicinal uses of some plants of Mahabubnagar district. K.N. Reddy et al. (1998) provided the detailed account of plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in Warangal district. As many 49 additions (added as Appendex) to the Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India by S.K. Jain (1999). There are studied on the ethnobotany of Gonds of Telangana region (Adilabad district: Ravishankar & Henry 1992; Karimnagar district and Warangal district: Hemadri 1990; C.S. Reddy et al. 2002 Warangal district) while the works on Adilabad is about ethnobotany, that of Karimnagar and Warangal concern ethnoveterinary medicine. Padmarao et al. (1999) published a note on folk treatment of bone fractures in Ranga Reddy district. C.S. Reddy et. al. (2000) enlisted the folklore biomedicine of common veterinary diseases in Nalgonda district. Upadyay & Chauhan (2000) noted the ethnobotany of Gundala mandal, Khammam district. K.N. Reddy et al. (2001) note on uses of rare endemic medicinal plant, Heterostemma deccanense, at Sukkumamidi, Khammam district. The Ph.D. works of Naqvi (2001) and C.S. Reddy (2001) include chapters on ethnomedicine from Karimnagar and Warangal districts, respectively. K.N. Reddy (2002) provided the information for 550 ethnobotanical plants in his Ph.D. work on Khammam district. K.N. Reddy & Raju, (2002). Presented paper on ethnobotanical observations on Konda reddis of Mothugudem in Khammam district. Raju V.S. & Reddy (2005) published a paper on Ethnobotanic medicine for Dysentery and Diarrhoea from Khammam district . Murthy et al. (2007) enumerated the Plants used in ethnoveterinary practices by Koyas of Pakhal Wildlife Sanctury, Warangal district.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is thankful to Shri G. Ganga Raju, Chairman, Laila Group of Companies, Mr. Rama Raju, Managing Director, Laila Impex, Dr. G. Trimurthulu, Vice President, Laila Impex R&D Centre, Mr. B. Kiran CEO, Laila Impex, Vijayawada for their keen interest and encouragement. Thanks are due to Dr. Ch. Sudhakar Reddy, Scientist-D, National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad, Dr. V.S. Raju, Kakatiya University, Warangal, Dr. R.R.V. Raju, Sree Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur for their advice and cooperation.
REFERENCES
Akerele, O. 1992. WHO guideline for assessment of herbal medicines. Fitoterapia 63: 99-118. Anonymous, 1990. Ethnobiology in India: A Status Report. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India, New Delhi, 1 68 pp. Anonymous, 1966. The Koyas of Andhra Pradesh. TCRTI, Hyderabad. Aruneekumar, K., G. Satyanarayana & K. Nisteswar 1990. Medicinal plants of Kakinada (East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh). Indian Medicine 2: 29-32. Bhakshu, L & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Ethno-medico-botanical studies of certain threatened medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th . Page: 28. Bhakshu, L & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Ethno-medico-botanical studies on certain Euphorbiaceous medicinal plants from Eastern Ghats, Andhra Pradesh. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th . Page: 41. Balaji Rao N. S., D. Rajasekhar & D. Chengal Raju 1995. Folk medicine of a Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh: II blood purifiers. Bull Pure Appl Sci, 14A (2), 69-72 Banerjee, D.K. 1977. Observations on the ethnobotany of Araku valley, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. J. Sci. Club 31: 14-21. Binu, S., T.S. Nayar & P. Pushpangadan, 1992. An outline of ethnobotanical research in India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Addl. ser. 10: 405-428. Chetty, K.M. & K.N. Rao 1989. Ethnobotany of Sarakallu and adjacent areas of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Vegetos 2: 51-58. Dahdouh-Guebas, F., S Collin, D Lo Seen, P Rnnbck, D Depommier, T Ravishankar & N Koedam, 2006. Analysing ethnobotanical and fishery-related importance of mangroves of the East-Godavari Delta (Andhra Pradesh, India) for conservation and management purposes. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2:24doi: 10.1186/ 1746-4269-2-24. Gayatri, K & N. Srividya. 2008. Ethnomedicinal knowledge of traditionally used edible leaves, seeds flowers among women-A transgenerational study. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 7th 9th March. Page. 60. Geetha, K & R.R.V. Raju 2007. Ethno-medico-botanical properties of Terminalia species in the forests of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, India. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th . Page: 35. Goud, P.S.P. & T. Pullaiah 1996. Folk veterinary medicine of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 8: 71-74. Goud, P.S.P., K.S. Murthy, S.S. Rani & T. Pullaiah 1997. Non-timber forest resources in the economy of tribals of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh. J. Non-timber Forest. Prod. 4: 99-102. Gupta, V. G., S.J. Hussain & S. Imam 1997. Medico-ethnobotanical survey of Paderu forests of Araku valley, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia 68: 45-48. Haimendorf, C.V.F. 1943. The Chenchus. MacMillan & Co, London. Haimendorf, C.V.F. 1945. The Reddis of Bison hills. MacMillan & Co, London. Haimendorf, C.V.F. 1979. The Gonds of Andhra Pradesh. Vikas: New Delhi. Haribabu, M & T.V.V. Seetharami Reddy. 2008. Ethnomedicine for Women problems in Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 7th 9th March. Page. 55. Hassan, S.S. 1920. The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions. Times press. Bombay. Hema, L & N. Yesodamma 2008. Importance of Medicinal Plants of Ardhagiri hill, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 7th 9th March. Page. 45. Hemadri, K. 1976. Procurement of raw drugs in Andhra Pradesh. Nagarjun 20: 7-13. Hemadri, K. 1981. Rheumatism: tribal medicine. Anc. Sci. Life 1: 117-120. Hemadri, K. 1985. Medicinal plants wealth of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Medicine 34: 13-15 Hemadri, K. 1987. Andhra Pradesh Vanamulikalu. Chemiloids, Vijayawada. (in Telugu). Hemadri, K. 1990. Contribution to the medicinal flora of Karimnagar and Warangal districts, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Medicine 2: 16-28. Hemadri, K. 1991. Contribution to the medicinal flora of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Medicine 3: 17-34. Hemadri, K. 1994. Shastravettalanu Akarshistunna Girijana Vaidyam (Tribal Pharmacopoeia). Tribal Cultural Research and Training Institute, Hyderabad. (in Telugu). Hemadri, K. & S.S. Rao 1983. Leucorrhoea and menorrhagia: Tribal medicine. Anc. Sci. Life. 3: 40-41. Hemadri, K & S.S. Rao 1984. Jaundice: Tribal medicine. Anc. Sci. Life 4: 209-212. Hemadri, K., C.R.R. Sharma & S.S. Rao 1986. Medcinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life 6: 167-186. Hemadri, K., C.R.R. Sarma & S.S. Rao 1987. Medicinal plant wealth of Andhra Pradesh. Part II. Anc. Sci. Life 7: 55-64. Huxley, A. 1984. Green Inheritance: The World Wildlife Fund Book of India, Collins/Harvel, London. Jadhav, S.N., D.K. Ved., Utkesh Ghate, K.N. Reddy & Ch.S. Reddy. 2001. Proceedings of the Workshop on Conservation Assessment and Management Planning for medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh. Medicinal Plants Conservation Centre (MPCC), EPTRI, Hyderabad. Jadhav, S.N. & K.N Reddy 2006. Threatened Medicinal Plants of Andhra Pradesh. ENVIS-SDNP Newsletter special issue Pp 18-28. Jain, S.K. 1963a. The origin and utility of some vernacular plant names. Proc. Nation. Acad. Sci. India, Sec. B. 33: 525-530. Jain, S.K. 1963b. Studies in Indian Ethnobotany II. Plants used in medicine tribals of Madhya Pradesh. Bull. Reg. Res. Lab. Jammu 1: 126-128. Jain, S.K. 1963c. Magico-religious beliefs about plants among the adivasis of Bastar. Q. J. Myth. Soc. 4: 73-94. Jain, S.K. 1963d. Observations on ethnobotany of tribals of Madhya Pradesh. Vanyajati 11: 177-183. Jain, S.K. 1963e. Studies on Indian Ethnobotany Less known uses of 50 common plants from tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 5: 223-226. Jain, S.K. 1964a. The role of botanist in folklore research. Folklore 5: 145-150. Jain, S.K. 1964b. Wild plant foods of the tribals of Bastar. Khadi Gramodyog 10: 557-561. Jain, S.K. 1964c. Native plant remedies for snake-bite among adivasis of central India. Indian Med. J. 57: 307-369. Jain, S.K. 1965a. Wooden musical instruments of the Gonds of Central India. Ethnomusicology 9: 39-42. Jain, S.K. 1965b. Medicinal plant-lore of the tribals of Bastar. Econ. Bot. 19: 236-250. Jain, S.K. 1991. Dictionary of Indian Folk Medicine and Ethnobotany. Deep Publications, New Delhi. Jain, S.K. 1994. Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India. CIBA Foundation Symposium 185. In: J. Chadwick and J. Marsh (Ed.), Ethnobotany and the Search of New Drugs. John Willy & Sons, United Kingdom, pp. 153-168. Jain, S.K, & R. Mitra 1997. Ethnobotany in India : Retrospect and prospect. In: S.K. Jain (Ed.) Contribution to Indian Ethnobotany. pp. 1-15 Jain, S.K (Assisted by S. Srinivasa) 1999. Dictionary of Ethnoveterinary Plants of India. Deep Publications, New Delhi. Janaki-ammal, E.K. 1956. Introduction to the subsistence economy of India. In: L.T. William Jr. (Ed.) Mans role in Changing face of the Earth. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 324-335. Jeevan, R & R.R.V. Raju. 2001. Certain potential crude drugs used by tribals of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh for Skin diseases. Ethnobotany, 13: 110-115. Jeevan, R., R.V. Reddy., M. Adharvana chari & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Rare and Little known Medicinal plants from Nallamalais of Eastern Ghats, India. Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (1): 113-117. Kapoor, S.L. & L.D. Kapoor 1980. Medicinal plant wealth of the Karimnagar district of Andhra Pradesh. Bull. Medico-Ethnobot. Res.1: 120-144. Khan, M.S. 1953. Forest Flora of Hyderabad State. Govt. Press, Hyderabad. Krishnamachari, K.S. 1900. Erythroxylum monogynum leaves and Aloe roots as food. Indian Forester 26: 619-620. Krishnamohan, R. & P.V. Bhirravamurty 1992. Plants used in traditional medicine by tribes of Prakasham district, Andhra Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life 11: 176-181. Krishnamurthy, V.V. 1958. The tribal people of Rampa and Gudem agency of Godavari Lower Division. Indian Forester 84: 428-431. Kumar, D.C.T & T. Pullaiah 1998. Ethnomedicinal uses of some plants of Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 23: 341-345. Lakshmi, M.K & K. Lakshminarayana 2008. Some traditional medicinal plants used by jatapu tribe of Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 7th 9th March. Page. 63. Lalramnghinglova, H & L.K. Jha 1999. Ethnobotany: A review. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Vol. 23. No.1. 1-27. Mudgal, V. 1987. Recent ethnobotanical works on different States/Tribes of India A synoptic treatment. In S.K. Jain (Ed.), A Manual of Ethnobotany. Deep publications, New Delhi. pp. 58-68. Murthy, E.N., C.S. Reddy, K.N. Reddy & V.S. Raju. 2007. Plants used in ethnoveterinary practices by koyas of Pakhal Wildlife Sanctury, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets: (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/ghats.html). Nagaraju, N. & K.N. Rao 1990a. Locally scarce and endangered medical plants from Tirumala hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. Vegetos 3: 108 112. Nagaraju, N. & K.N. Rao 1990b A survey of plant crude drugs of Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacology 29: 137-158. Nazaneen Praveen, S & T. Shali sahib. 2008. Plants traditionally used as galctogogue in Nallamalais of Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. International Seminar on Medicinal Plants and Herbal products. 7th 9th March. Page. 55. Nisteswar, K. & K. A. Kumar 1980. Utilization values of medical-lore of Rampa Agency (Andhra Pradesh) in primary health care. Sachitra Ayurved 33: 210-212. Nisteswar, K. & K.A. Kumar 1983. An equity in folklore medicine of Addateegala Agency tract of East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Vaghabhata 1: 43-44. Padmarao, P. & P. R. Reddy 1999. A note on folk treatment of bone fractures in Ranga Reddy district, Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 11: 107-108. Pal, D.C. & D.K. Banerjee 1971. Some less known plant foods among the tribals of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa states. Bull. Bot. Surv. India 13: 221-223. Prasad, V. K., T. Rajagopal, Y. Kanit & K.V.S. Badrinath 1999. Food plants of Konda Reddis of Rampa Agency. East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh- A case study. Ethnobotany 11: 92-96. Pullaiah, T. & D.C. Kumar. 1996. herbal plants in Mannanur forest of Mahabubnagar district. Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Additional series 12: 218-220. Pullaiah, T., K. S. R. Murthy, P. S. P. Goud, T. D. C. Kumar & R. Vijayakumar 2003. Medicinal plants used by the tribals of Nallamalais, Eastern Ghats of India. Journal of Tropical Medicinal Plants, (Vol. 4) (No. 2) 237-243. Pullaiah, T. 2007. Medicinal plants in Andhra Pradesh. Regency publications, New Delhi. Rajareddy, K. & G. Sudarshanam 1987. Plants used as veterinary medicine in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 25: 145 152. Rajasekaran, B & D.M. Warren 1994. Indigenous knowledge for socio-economic devolopment and biodiversity conservation: the Kolli hills. Indigenous Knowledge & Devolopment Monitor 2: 13-17. Rajendran, A., N. Ramarao & A.N. Henry 1996. Hepatic stimulant plants of Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. Addl. ser. 12: 221-223. Rajendran, A., N. Ramarao & A.N. Henry 1997. Studies on ichthyotoxic plants of Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 21: 99-102. Raju, M.S. 1996. Native plants in snakebite and other poisonous animals among the tribals of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. Aryavaidyan 9: 251-255. Raju V S, 2001. Ethnoveterinary medicine in Andhra Pradesh, Nation. Symp. 21st Century Perspectives in Plant Sciences, July 29-31, Andhra University, Waltair, India. Raju, V.S. & K.N. Reddy, 2005. Ethnobotanic medicine for Dysentery and Diarrhoea from Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, India Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 4(4), pp.443-447. Ramarao, N. 1988. The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D. thesis. Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Ramarao, N. & A.N. Henry 1996. The Ethnobotany of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh, India, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. Ramarao, N., A. Rajendran & A.N. Henry 1999. Phyto-zootherapy of the tribes of Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 23: 331-335. Ramarao, N., P.V. Sreekumar & A.N. Henry 1984. Ethnobotanical studies in Andhra Pradesh. Proc. 2nd Annual Workshop on MAB Projects. pp. 20-82. DOEM, New Delhi. Rao, B.N.S., D. Rajasekhar, D.C. Raju & N. Nagaraju 1996. Ethno-medicinal notes on some plants of Tirumala hills for dental disorders. Ethnobotany 8: 88-91. Rao, K.P. & S. Harasreeramulu 1985. Ethnobotany of selected medicinal plants of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life 4: 238-244. Rao, M. K.V & O.S.V.D. Prasad 1995. Ethnomedicines of tribes of Andhra Pradesh. J. Non-TimberForest Products 2: 105-114. Rao, R S. & K. Hemadri 1979 Andhra Pradesh lo Mandumokkalu. Telugu Academy, Hyderabad. (in Telugu); (reprinted in 1984). Rao, V.L.N., B. R. Busi, B. Dharma Rao, Ch. Seshagiri Rao & M. Vemkaiah 2006. Ethnomedicinal practices among Khonds of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 5 (2). 217--219. Ratnam K.V & R.R.V. Raju. 2005 Folk medicine used for common women ailments by adivasis in the Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh, Indian J Traditional Knowledge, 4(3) 267-270. Ravishankar. T. 1990. Ethnobotanical studies in Adilabad and Karimnagar districts of Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D. thesis, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore. Ravishankar, T. & A.N. Henry 1992. Ethnobotany of Adilabad district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany 4: 45-52. Reddy, C.S. & V.S. Raju 2000. Folklore biomedicine for common veterinary diseases in Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 12: 113-117. Reddy, C.S., K.N. Reddy & S.N. Jadhav 2000. Medicinal uses of Hildegardia populifolia and Pterocarpus santalinus: Red listed and endemic taxa in Andhra Pradesh. EPTRI-ENVIS News letter 6(1): 9-10. Reddy, C.S., K.N. Reddy & S.N. Jadhav 2001. Threatened (Medicinal) Plants of Andhra Pradesh. Medicinal Plants Conservation Centre, EPTRI, Hyderabad. Reddy, C.S., K. Nagesh, K.N. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2002b. Plants used in ethnoveterinary practices by Gonds of Karimnagar district, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 26: Reddy, C.S., K.N. Reddy, C. Pattanaik & V.S. Raju 2006. Ethnobotanical observations on some endemic plants of Eastern Ghats, India, Ethnobotanical leaflets: (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/ghats.html). Reddy, G.T & R.R.V. Raju. 2007. Medico-botanical evaluation of crude drugs used for alimentary disorders by adivasis in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th . Page: 18. Reddy, G.T & R.R.V. Raju 2007. Folk-medicine as antidote by adivasis from the forests of Eastern Ghats, India. Nationational Seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats, Chennai. Dec. 28th-29th . Page: 19 Reddy, K.E. 1994. Ethno-Medico-Chemico-botanical studies of Gooty forests of Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh with special reference to Sugali tribes. M.Phill. dissertation S.K.University, Anantapur. Reddy, K.N. 1997. Ethno-Medico-Botanical studies in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. M.Phill. dissertation S.K.University, Anantapur. Reddy, K.N., M.R. Bhanja & V.S. Raju 1998. Plants used in ethnoveterinary practices in Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany. 10: 75-84. Reddy, K.N. & R.R.V. Raju 1999. Plants used in ethno-veterinary practices in Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 23 (2): 347-357. Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy, M.R. Bhanja & V.S. Raju. 2002. Herbal folk medicine of Chenchus of Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany 14: Reddy, K.N. & V.S. Raju 2002. Ethnobotanical observations on Konda reddis of Mothugudem in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh. (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 24-26th March, Tirupati). Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2002. Ethnobotanical observation on some Orchids of Andhra Pradesh. J. Non-Timber Forest Products 9 (3/4): 146-147. Reddy, K.N. & T. Sujata 2002. Some Selected Fibre-Yielding Plants from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 24-26th March, Tirupati ). Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & S.N. Jadhav 2002. Ethnobotanical plants among the Chenchus of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh. (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 24-26th March, Tirupati). Reddy, K.N. 2002. Ethnobotany of Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh. Ph.D. thesis, Kakatiya University, Warangal. Reddy, K.N., V. Madhuri, G.V. Subbaraju & K. Hemadri 2005. Ethno-therapeutics of certain Ayurvedic medicinal Plants of Kondapalli Fort, Andhra Pradesh, India. The Indian Forester Vol. 131, N0.3, P.p: 442-448. Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2005 Ethno-orchidology of orchids of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. EPTRI State of Art Report, Hyderabad and EPRTI Newsletter Vol. 11 No.3. Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2005. Ethnomedicinal observations on Orchids of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Indian Forester 131. Reddy, K.N. & G.V. Subbaraju 2005. Ethnomedicine from Maredumilli region of East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 29. No.2. 476-481 Reddy, K.N. & G.V. Subbaraju 2005. Ethnobotanical medicine for rheumatic diseases from Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Recent Trends in Plant Sciences. pp:128-138. Reddy, K.N., G.V. Subbaraju, C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2005. Ethnobotany of Certain Orchids of Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh (Revised). EPRTI Newsletter Vol. 11 No.3. Reddy, K.N., G.V. Subbaraju & C.S. Reddy 2005. Aphanamixis polystachya (Wall.) Parker: Red-Listed medicinal plant from Maredumilli region, East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh EPTRI News Letter Vol.11, No.4. Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & G. Trimurthulu. 2006. Ethnobotanical uses for respiratory disorders in Eastern Ghats. Ethnobotanical leaflets: 2006 (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/ghats.html). Reddy, K.N., G.V. Subbaraju, C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju 2006. Ethnoveterinay medicine for livestock in Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 5(3). 368-372. Reddy, K.N., G.T. Trimurthulu & C.S. Reddy 2007. Ethnomedicinal Plants used by the Valmikis of Visakhapatnam District, Andhra Pradesh, India. (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 28-29th Dec.). Reddy, K.N., C.S., Reddy, E.N. Murthy, C. Pattanaik & V.S. Raju 2007. Ethnobotanical studies on medicinal plants of Seshachalam hills in Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, India (Abstract published in National seminar on Conservation of Eastern Ghats 28-29th Dec., ). Reddy, K.N., C.S. Reddy & G.T. Trimurthulu 2008. Ethno-medico-botanical studies of Medak district, Andhra Pradesh. (Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Ref. 1111. accepted) Reddy, K.N., G.T. Trimurthulu & C.S. Reddy 2008. Traditional medicinal plants used by the ethnic people of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh (Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Ref. 1152, accepted) Reddy, K.N. & C.S. Reddy 2008. First Red-list of Medicinal plants of Andhra Pradesh, India- Conservation Assessment Management Planning (CAMP) Ethnobotanical leaflets: (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/ghats.html). Reddy, K.N., C. Pattanaik, C.S. Reddy & V.S. Raju, 2007. Traditional knowledge on wild food Plants in Andhra Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, Vol.6 (1) 223-229. Reddy,K.N., C. Pattanaik, C.S. Reddy, E.N. Murthy & V.S. Raju 2008. Plants used in traditional handicrafts in North eastern Andhra Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 7(1), Pp: 162-165. Reddy, M.B., K.R. Reddy, & M.N. Reddy 1988. A survey of plants of Chenchu tribes of Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 26: 197-207. Reddy, M.B., K.R. Reddy, & M.N. Reddy 1989. A survey of medicinal plant crude drugs of Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 27: 145-155. Reddy ,M.H., R.V. ReddyY, & R.RV. Raju 1996. Perspective in tribal medicines with special reference to Rutaceae in Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 20: 743-744. Reddy, M.H., K. Vijayalakshmi, & R.R.V. Raju 1996. Native phytotherapy for snake bite in Nallamalais of Eastern Ghats, India. J.Econ. Tax. Bot. Addl. ser. 12: 214-217. Reddy, R.V. 1995. Ethnobotanical and phytochemical studies on medicinal plant resources of Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ph.D. thesis, S.K. University, Anantapur. Reddy, R.V., M. H. Reddy, & R.R.V. Raju 1995. Ethnobotany of Aristolochia L. Acta Botanica Indica 23: 291-292. Reddy, R.V., M. H. REDDY, & R.R.V. RAJU 1996. Ethnobotany of less known tuber yielding plants from Andhra Pradesh. J. Non-timber Forest Prod. 3: 60-63. Reddy, R.V., N.V.N. Lakshmi & R.R.V. Raju 1996. Traditional crude drug resources used anti-fertility in Cuddapah hills. J. Swamy Bot. Club 13: 67-69. Reddy, R.V., N.V.N. Lakshmi & R.R.V. Raju 1997. Ethnomedicine for ephemeral fevers and anthrax in cattle from the hills of Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotany 9: 94-96. Reddy, T.A. 1980 Notes on some medicinal plants of Polavaram Agency tracts, West Godavari district. Andhra pradesh. J. Indian. Bot. Soc. 59 (Suppl.): 169. Savitramma, N., Ch. Sulochana & K.N. Rao 2007. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used to treat asthma in Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacology Vol. 113 (1), pp. 54-61. Sudarshanam, G. & N.B.B. Rao. 1994. Medicinal plants used by the Yanadi tribes of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Bull. Pure Applied Sci. 136: 65-70. Sudarshanan, G., B.R. Reddy, & N. Nagarau 1995. Veterinary crude drugs of Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Pharmacognosy 33: 52-66. Sudhakar, S. & R.S. Rao 1985 Medicinal plants of East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. J. Econ. Tax. Bot. 7: 399-406. Thammanna & K.N. Rao 1990. Medicinal Plants of Tirumala. T.T.D. Publication, Tirupati. Thulsi Rao, K., K.N. Reddy, C. Pattanaik & C.S. Reddy 2007. Ethnomedicinal importance of Pteridophytes used by Chenchus of Nallamalais, Andhra Pradesh, India. Ethnobotanical leaflets: (http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/ghats.html). Thurston, E. 1909. Castes and Tribes of Southern India. 7 Vols. Govt. Press, Madras. Upadhyay, R & S.V.S. Chauhan 2000. Ethnobotanical observations on Koya tribe of Gundala mandal of Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 12: 93-99. Veadavthy, S. & V. Mrudala 1996. Herbal folk medicine of Yanadis of Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 8: 109-111. Veadavathy, S. & K.N. Rao 1989. Nephroprotectors- Folk medicine of Rayalaseema, Andhra Pradesh. Anc. Sci. Life 9: 164-167. Vedavathy, S. & K.N. Rao 1991. Antipyretic activity of six indigenous medicinal plants of Tirumala hills, Andhra Pradesh, India. J. Ethnopharmacol. 33: 193-196. Veadavthy, S. & V. Mrudala 1996. Herbal folk medicine of Yanadis of Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 8: 109-111. Vedavathy, S., V. Mrudala & A. Sudhakar. 1995. Herbal medicine for birth control and ante post-pastrum treatments from Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Fitoterapia Vol.66. No. 6. pp: 501-506. Vedavathy, S., V. Mrudala & K.N. Rao 1994. Herbal folk medicine of Tirumala and Tirupati region of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh. Fitoterapia vol. 66: No.2. 167 171. Vedavathy, S., V. Mrudala & A. Sudhakar. 1997. Tribal medicine of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Herbal Folklore Research Centre, Tirupati. Vedavathy, S., K.N. Rao, M. Rajaiah & N. Nagaraju 1991. Folklore information from Rayalaseema region, Andhra Pradesh for family planning and birth control. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 29: 113-116. Venkanna, P. 1990. Medicinal plant wealth of Krishna district (Andhra Pradesh). A preliminary survey. Anc. Sci. Life 10: 137-140. Vijayalakshmi, J. 1993. Ethno-Medico-Chemico botany of antidotes used by Chenchus in Ahobilam hills of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh. M. Phil. Dissertation, S.K. University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh. Vijayakumar, R. & T. Pullaiah. 1998. Medicinal plants used by the tribals of Prakasham district, Andhra Pradesh. Ethnobotany 10: 97-102.
|