Ethnobotanical Leaflets 13: 603-10. 2009.

 

 

 

Conservation and Biodiversity Erosion in Ondo State, Nigeria: (2). Assessing Botanicals Used in the Storage of Farm Produce in Akure region

 

J. Kayode1,3, O.E Ige1 and B. M. Ojo2

                                                                                                                             

1 Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekule Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria

2Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

3E-mail:

 

Issued 01 May 2009

 

 

Abstract

Semi-structured questionnaire matrix was used to identify plant species used for storage purposes in five communities situated within 5kilometre radius from Akure, the Ondo State capital, south-western Nigeria. A total of 32 botanical species were found to be commonly used in the preservation of farm produce in the study area. The leaves constituted the major part of the botanical that were widely utilised while the major farm produce common in the study area were kola nuts and bitter kola The descriptions of the indigenous knowledge of the various methods of application of the botanicals were identified and documented. Only nine of the botanicals were cultivated abundantly in the study area. The household farm, forest and common area constituted the major primary sources of the storage botanicals. Strategies that could ensure the continuous supply of the storage botanicals were proposed.

Key words: Conservation, biodiversity erosion, botanicals, storage

Introduction

            In Nigeria, recent initiatives had called for comprehensive inventory of natural resources in the country particularly the floristic composition of the various vegetation types as basis for management planning (Ekete et al. 2008). This is particularly necessary in Ondo State where about 200hectares of forest areas are being destroyed annually (Fuwape 2001) through exploitation of timber, fuelwood, shifting cultivation and bush burning.

            The effects of such massive deforestation, particularly on the rural dwellers cannot be over-emphasised. Previous studies, such as Akindele (1992), Peters (1996), Olagoke and Adekunle (2008) had enumerated the dependence of rural dwellers on the use of non-timber forest products for their livelihood. One of such utilisations is the use of forest as source of storage materials. Unfortunately, apart from ethnomedicinal utility, gross dearths of documentations abound on other ethnobotanical utilities (Kayode 2003).

Thus, the study being reported here is part of on-going collaboratory studies on the ethnobotanical utilizations in Ondo State being conducted by the Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria and the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods

            Five communities viz: Ita-Ogbolu, Ayede-Ogbese, Oba-Ile, Ijare and Odudu, all situated within 5kilometre radius from Akure (70 17’N, 50 10’E) the Ondo State capital, south-western Nigeria, were used in this study. In each community, twenty respondents were randomly selected and interviewed with the aid of a semi-structured questionnaire matrix. The interviews were focused, conversational and involved two-way communication (according to Martins 1995). The information obtained was further ascertained by PRA method (according to Balick and Cox 1996).

            Plant species used for storage purpose were identified during the interviews. The part(s) of the plant used, method(s) of application, source(s) where the plants were derived were defined. Voucher specimens of the identified species were obtained and kept in the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Science, University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Vegetation samplings aimed at the definition of the abundance of the species in the study area were also carried out.

Results and Discussion

            A total of 32 botanical species were found to be commonly used in the preservation of farm produce in the study area (Table 1). The leaves constituted the major part of the botanical that are widely utilised while the major farm produce common in the study area are kola nuts and bitter kola (Table 2). Table 2 also give the descriptions of the indigenous knowledge of the various methods of application of the botanicals. The conservation features of the botanicals (Table 3) revealed that only nine botanicals were cultivated abundantly in the study area. These species were cultivated mainly for their economic values. They have edible fruits and/or seeds that serve as source of income in the study area. 11 botanicals were cultivated occasionally in the study area for purposes other than for the storage of farm produce. This tends to suggest that the storage potentials of these species could be regarded as secondary or bi products from these botanicals.

            The leaves constituted the major part of the botanicals that were utilised. Though the harvesting of the leaves might not be regarded as being inhibitory yet the utilisation of the leaves of non cultivated species whose wildlings were usually unpreserved in the study area might be quite unsustainable. The use of stem bark from E. suaveolens and R. vomitora were inhibitory in harvesting. Previous study by Fasola and Egunyomi (2002) had revealed that such harvesting method might be detrimental to the health of plants or might even lead to their death. The inhibitory nature of harvesting these plants is further complemented by the fact that they were uncultivated species in the study area. These might lead to the scarcity of these species in the study area. The harvesting methods utilized in E. guineensis and Z. mays might not necessarily be inhibitory as the two species were important economic crops that were widely cultivated in the study area.

            The household farm, forest and common area constituted the major primary sources of the storage botanicals as 41%, 32% and 16% respectively, of the botanicals were sourced from them. The common area and the household farm constituted the main secondary and tertiary sources of the botanicals. 50% and 25% respectively, of the botanicals were sourced from them. These tend to suggested that while the cultivation of most of the botanicals in household farms is practicable, the forest and common area still play considerable role as the repositories of the storage botanicals in the study area. Thus the continued and wantonly destruction of the environment is quite undesirable to the indigenous communities of the study area. Thus while deforestation is being discouraged in the study area, efforts should also be made to encourage reforestation and afforestation activities in the study area.    

References

Akindele, S. O. 1992. A survey of non-timber products. In Akinwumi, F. A. (Ed.). Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of Forestry Association of |Nigeria, Ibadan, Nigeria.

           

Balick, M. J. and Cox, P. A. 1996. Plant, people and culture. Scientific American Library, New York, USA.

 

Ekeke, B. A., Ankwuru, M. A., Amakiri, M. A. and Abere, S. A. (2008). Natural tree regeneration in abandoned pulpwood plantation in Niger-Delta lowland rainforest in Nigeria. Pp. 48-51. In: Onyekwelu, J. C. et al. (Eds.). Research for Development in Forestry, Forest Products and Natural Resources Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

 

Fasola, T. R. and Egunyomi, A. 2002. Bark extraction and uses of some medicinal plants. Nigerian Journal of Botany 15, 26-36.  

 

Fuwape, J. A. 2001. Forest resources and economic development in Ondo Satate. Paper Presented at the Ondo State Economic Summit, Akure, April 2001, 15pp.

 

Kayode, J. 2003. Conservation and Yoruba forest taboos. The Nigerian Field 69: 53-61.

 

Martins, G. J. 1995. Ethnobotany method manual. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.

 

Olagoke,A. O. and Adekunle, V. A. J. 2008. Harnessing forestry potentials in achieving the millennium development goals in Nigeria. Pp. 121-126. In: Onyekwelu, J. C. et al. (Eds.). Research for Development in Forestry, Forest Products and Natural Resources Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

 

Peters, C. M. 1996. The ecology and management of non-timber forest resources. World Bank Technical Paper No. 322, Washington, D.C, 156pp. 

 

Table 1. Botanicals used in the storage of farm produce in Ondo State, Nigeria.

S/N    BOTANICAL   VERNACULAR           FAMILY       PART(S)     MAJOR SOURCES+

                                             NAME                                            USED*            1         2        3

1.       Alchornia cordifolia    Esin                    Euphorbiaceae        L              CA      FR      HF

2.      Alchornea laxiflora      Pepe                    Euphorbiaceae        L              FR      CA       -  

3.      Alium cepa                   Alubosa              Alliaceae                  BU          PS       -           -    

4.      Artocarpus integrifolia    Ade                  Moraceae                L             FR       CA     HF

5.      Azadirachta indica         Dongoyaro        Malvaceae               L             HA      CA       -

6.      Calotropis procera         Bomubomu      Asclepiaceae           LA           HF      HA     CA

7.      Carica papaya                 Ibepe                Caricaceae              F             HF      CA       -

8.      Capsicum fruitecens        Ata wewe         Solanaceae             F             HF      PS       -

9.      Celtis zenkeri                   Uta                  Ulmaceae                CH          FR      CA       -

10.  Chrysophylum albidium   Agbalumo       Sapotaceae             L             HF      PS     CA

11.  Citrus aurantifolia            Osan wewe     Rutaceae                 F            HA     HF     PS

12.  Colocasia esculenta        Koko               Araceae                    L            HF      PS      -

13.  Costus afer                      Ireke orisa        Costaceae                L            FR     CA     HF

14.  Costus lucanusianus       Obibo                Costaceae                L            FR      CA     HF  

15.  Cymbopogon citratus      Tee                    Poaceae                   L            HA     HF     CA

16.  Elaeis guineensis            Ope                   Areceae                    IF           HF     CA      -      

17.  Erythrophleum suaveolens   Obo               Caesalpiniaceae     SB           FR      CA      -

18.  Ficus exasperate             Pinpin                Moraceae                L              FR      CA     HF

19.  Leea procera                   Aigbokuta          Leeaceae                 L             FR       CA     HF

20.  Jatropha curcas              Lapalapa             Euphorbiaceae        L             CA       HA     HF

21.  Mitragyna stipulosa         Gbago                 Rubiaceae                L            HF       CA     FR   

22.  Musa paradisiaca            Ogede agbagba    Musaceae                L            HF       HA       -

23.  Musanga cacropioides    Agbao                   Moraceae                L            CA       FR       -

24.  Nicotiana tobacum          Taaba                     Solanaceae             L             HF       PS       -

25.  Rahia hookerii                  Iyo                       Areceae                   T             HF      CA       -

26.  Rauvolfia vomitoria          Asofeyeje            Apocynaceae          L, SB       FR       CA      HA

27.  Sarcophrynium brachystachyum   Gbodogi      Marantaceae         L            FR       CA      HF

28.  Senna siamea                 Kasiaa                       Caesalpiniaceae      L           CA       HA      -

29.  Spondia mombin             Iyeye                        Anacardiaceae         L           CA       HF     HA

30.  Thamautococcus danielli  Uran                       Marantaceae            L            HF      CA      FR

31.  Theobroma cacao             Koko                       Sterculiaceae           L            HF        -         -

32.  Zea mays                          Agbado                     Poacea                    S            HF      PS       -                                               

 

 * BU= Bulb, CH= Charcoal, F= Fruits, IF= Inflorescence, L= Leaves, LA= Latex, S= Seeds, SB= Stem bark.

+ CA= Common area, FR= Forest, HA= Household area, HF= Household farm, PS= Purchased

 

Table 2. The indigenous knowledge of respondents’ on storage botanicals in Ondo State, Nigeria.

   S/N               BOTANICAL                                            APPLICATION

1.       Alchornia cordifolia  Used for the preservation of fresh kola nuts. It is used to cover the                       fresh kola nuts in a container

 

2.      Alchornea laxiflora   Used for the preservation of fresh kola nuts. It makes the nuts firm. Its

 leaves are laid on the container, the kola nuts are placed in it and the container is covered with the leaves. It is also used for the preservation of bitter kola. The leaves are placed inside a nylon which is sandwiched within the bitter kola in a container.

3.      Alium cepa Used to prevent tomato seedlings from pest by planting the species near the seedlings, the odour irritate pests.

 

4.      Artocarpus integrifolia Used for the preservation of kola nuts where it helps in the maintenance                                          of the colour of the kola nuts.

 

5.      Azadirachta indica Used for the preservation of cocoa trees from insects and pests. The aqueous extracts from the leaves are sprayed on the trees.

 

6.      Calotropis procera Used for the preservation of local cheese by adding the latex to the cheese.

 

7.      Carica papaya Used together with R. Vomitora as describe below.

 

8.      Capsicum fruitecens Used for the preservation of beans and other legumes. Dried fruits of this                                          botanical are scattered on the beans in container

 

9.      Celtis zenkeri Used for the storage of kola nuts where it prevents the nuts from having black spots. Little quantity of the charcoal is sprinkled on the nuts in the container.

 

10.  Chrysophylum albidium Used for the preservation of kola nuts where it prevents the nuts from                                           breaking. The nuts are wrapped with the leaves of the species in a container.

 

11.  Citrus aurantifolia Used for the preservation of kola nuts from weevil. The whole fruit is                                            inserted into the container containing kola nuts. It is also used for the preservation of cake. The juice is squeezed into the prepared flour to be baked. The species is also used for the preservation of ‘Fufu’, a carbohydrate food, during fermentation. The juice is squeezed into the fermented cassava during the preparation.  

 

12.  Colocasia esculenta Used for the preservation of okra. The okra is placed in a container and                                            covered with fresh leaves of C. esculenta.

 

13.  Costus afer Used for the storage of bitter kola. The leaves are inserted inside the container that contain bitter kola.

 

14.  Costus lucanusianus Used for the preservation of bitter kola. The bitter kola is wrapped with the leaves of this species.

 

15.  Cymbopogon citratus Used for the preservation of local concoction. The leaves are added to the ingredients and steamed together. It os also used in the preservation of kola nuts where the fresh leaves are inserted inside the container that contain the kola nuts.

 

16.  Elaeis guineensis Used for the storage of palm oil, soup and foodstuff from ants. When the                                            inflorescence is burned near ants’ habitat or the place of storage, the ants are irritated. They are subsequently driven away.

 

17.  Erythrophleum suaveolens Used for the preservation of kola nuts from weevils and spiritual attack.                                            The dried bark is grinded and little quantity is tied inside small paper that is later inserted in the container containing the kola nuts.

 

18.  Ficus exasperate Used for the storage and prevention of beans from weevils. The leaves are sandwiched within the beans in the container.

 

19.  Leea procera Used for the preservation of kola nuts where its leaves are used to wrap the kola nuts in a container.

 

20.  Jatropha curcas Used for the preservation of kola nuts still within the seed coat against black spots. The extracts of the leaves squeezed on little quantity of the local black soap is placed in the container that contain the kola nuts.

 

21.  Mitragyna stipulosa Used for the preservation of dry kola nuts. The leaves of this species are laid in a basket then dried kola nuts are placed on it after which the leaves of the species are used to cover the kola nuts. 

 

22.  Musa paradisiaca Used for the preservation of fermented locust bean seeds, locally known as Iru. The iru is wrapped inside the leaves of this species which protect the shelve life of the Iru.

 

23.  Musanga cacropioides Used for storage of fresh and dried kola nuts. Its leaves are used to wrap                                         the kola nuts in a container.

 

24.  Nicotiana tobacum Used for the preservation of eggs that is yet to be hatch or being hatched from insects and snakes. The leaves are burnt near the storage area. The resulting odour irritates the insects and snakes.

 

25.  Rahia hookerii The thread-like substance obtained from this species is used to tie kola nuts and keep it in shape.

 

26.  Rauvolfia vomitoria Used for the preservation of beans flour and other powdered foodstuffs                                             from weevil. The leaves are inserted within the powdered foodstuff in a container. It is also used for the preservation of dried kola nuts from weevils. Extracts from its bark is mixed pawpaw juice and the mixture is poured into a nylon bag that is inserted into a basketful of kola nuts.

 

27.  Sarcophrynium brachystachyum Used for the preservation of kola nuts. Dried leaves of this species                                              are placed within the kola nuts in the container.

 

28.  Senna siamea Used for the preservation of immature fresh kola nut. The leaves of this species are laid in a basket the immature kola nuts are placed on it after which the leaves of the species are used to cover the kola nuts. 

 

29.  Spondia mombin Used for the preservation of bitter kola. The leaves are used to wrap the                                            bitter kola in a container.

 

30.  Thamautococcus danielli Used for wrapping pounded yam, eba and fufu- both are local food                                             prepared from cassava, eko and Moinmoin-local foods prepared from maize and beans respectively. It maintained their tastes and prolonged their shelve lives.

 

31.  Theobroma cacao Used for the preservation of dried kola nuts. The leaves are wrapped around the kola nuts. Also used for the storage of already processed locust bean against termites. The leaf of this species is used to wrap the processed locust bean.

 

32.  Zea mays Used for the preservation of fresh and dried kola nuts. Dried maize seeds are scattered inside the kola nuts in a container.                                         

 

 

Table 3. The conservation features of the botanicals in Ondo State, Nigeria.

Cultivated Species

(a)    Species cultivated abundantly in the study area

A.     indica, C. fruitecens, C. aurantifolia, C. esculenta,  C. papaya, E. guineensis, M. paradisiaca,

T. cacao,  Z. mays

(b)   Species cultivated occasionally in the study area

C. albidium, C. procera, C. citratus, F. exasperata, J. curcas, M. stipulosa, N. tobacum, R. hookerii, S.siamea, S. mombin, T .daniell,

(c)    Species cultivated elsewhere but made available in the study area

A.     cepa,

Non-cultivated Species

(a)    Species whose wildlings are preserved in the study area

A. integrifolia, C. zenkeri, C. afer, C. lucanusianus, E. suaveolens, L. procera, M. cacropioides  

R.  vomitoria, S. brachystachyum      

(b)   Species that grow as weeds in the study area

A.     cordifolia, A. laxiflora