By
Habib Ahmad1, Samiullah Khan2, Ahmad Khan2 and Muhammad Hamayun3
1Associate Technical Coordinator, Ethnobotany Project, WWF-Pakistan, Peshawar
2Research Officers, WWF-Pakistan, Peshawar
3Lecturer in Botany, Govt. Degree College, Swabi, Pakistan
Address for correspondence:
Ethnobotany Project, WWF-Pakistan
34 D/2 Sahibzada Abdul Qayum Road, University Town, Peshawar
E.mail, M. Hamayun: [email protected]
Manikhel forests, the far southern extension of Hindu Kush Mountain ranges, exhibit rich floral diversity in its nearly 175 Km2 area. It comprises sub-tropical semi deciduous thorny forests in the southern low lying Mediterranean type of climate and evergreen Oak-Yew forests in the northern faces of the Himalayan type of climate. A wide variety of plants are present in the area but this paper includes only those species whose common use is either known locally or they are in daily use for various purposes. The present investigations comprise 172 plant species belonging to 80 families. Bulk of these plants exhibit multiple uses. The local population is entirely rural and poor. They are primarily dependent on the forest resources for their necessities.
Key words: Manikhel forest; Plant resources; Folk uses
Introduction
Manikhel forests can be traced in the tribal belt between latitude 33° 41' and 33° 43' North and longitude 70° 05' and 71° 10' East, near Pak-Afghan border. It forms an integral part of the tribal economy residing inside and all around it. The basic needs like energy in the form of food, feed, fuel wood, torchwood, water for drinking and water mills are directly or indirectly got from these forests. The material of day to day use like wood for construction, logging, furniture, medicine, trade and goods for cottage industry are harvested from these forests.
The area is devoid of major civic amenities. Recently it has got a metal road and is communicated with digital telephone. Electricity, schools and health facilities, which bring changes in the local culture, are scarce in the area. This paper is an attempt to provide an insight to the unreported hardship area of the region, which will hopefully provide a base for sustainable development of the floral resources of the area.
Results
Data collected regarding the ethnobotanical survey of the area is summarized in Appendix No. 1 and briefly discussed here as under.
1. Potential plant resources
The area lies in the extension belt of Sino-Japanese region and within the widespread Irano-Turanian region in the south and east. It also has an influence of Indian region as well. Thus the area has accumulated a variety of plant types ranging from tropical to subtropical and upto temperate regions on the northern aspects. Both the elements of moist and dry temperate regions are there. All these facts give special identity to Manikhel forest. A wide variety of plants are there but this report includes only those species whose common use is either known locally or they are in daily use for various purposes.
This report includes 172 species belonging to 80 families. There local uses can be split in to 45 categories as given in Table 1. The details of plants, their local use and their local names are presented in Appendix 1. It is beyond the scope of this report to discuss each and every plant individually, a brief commentary of the locally most important species are discussed here:
2. Bush food:
Bush food (Falconer, 1992) in its broader sense can be used for all the edible wild plants and animals and their products like waxes, honey etc. The plants used in Manikhel forest in the form of wild fruits, Pot herbs, brevages, spices, cash plants, dry fruits, fodder and forage species supply a fraction of the food requirements of the people. Species involved in food supply from Manikhel forest is given in Appendix 1. Though it seems to have little economic importance, yet it forms an integral part of the local economy and culture. Socially serving guests with bush meat or morals is a sign of prestige and the use of local herbs and spices gives taste and quality to the dishes served to be.
The availability of bush food varies from season to season and there are some locals who can very easily guide the ethnobotanists (through the toponyms) for its easy accessibility. For example if any one who wants to observe blue pines, the local in this regard direct him to Nakhtarro Ghar (Nakhtar: Blue pine, Ghar: Hill). Hence exploiting local knowledge in this regard will minimize the wastage of time, energy and money.
In spring the forest bottom flourishes with the costly Karkachoks (Morchella esculenta) and a variety of soil and arboreal mushrooms (locally called Shishtaryae). The soil also flourish a variety of culinary herbs among which the young fronds of male ferns and shoots of Medicago and leaves of Rumex nepalensis and flowers of Bauhinia variegata (karyal) are used by most of the families as vegetable. The tasty fruits of Reptunia buxifolia (Gwargwaryea), Pistacia Khinjak (Shinayae), Rubus ulmifalius (Manzakha), Ficus palmata, Ficus glomerata, Grewia optiva (Pasthawonyae), Celtis australis (Tagha), Carissa ophaca (Khkar Meeva), Olea cuspidata (Khawand), Juglans regia (Ghwaz), and Zizypus jujuba (Bera) provide subsistence food, spices and a source of precious vitamins to the local communities, especially coming to the forest for resource collection or livestock herding. The delicious pot herb which we observed is Phytolacca lithania whose fruits are also boiled in water and used locally as ink.
Some of these products e.g. honey, morals, fruits of walnuts, Reptonia, Ficus, and the flowers of Bauhinia are collected and sold in the local market, thus providing earning base especially to the poor community.
3. Herbal Medicine:
Herbal medicine, their pharmacognastic characterization and their rational uses are actually the cultural assets lying viable and remained preserved in the remote cut off areas like Kohi Sufaid. In Pakistan 80% of the people belonging to the rural areas still depends upon the herbal medicines (Anonymous, 1997). Manikhel area has an immense potential of herbal medicines preliminary survey of the medicinal plants of the area are presented in Appendix 1. Traditionally the Sikh inhabitants of the area are considered more knowledgeable and serve the community as local healers.
People of the local community have some mythical beliefs regarding some of the medicinal plants found locally. The two myths we commonly heard were about Makhkak (Valeriana wallichii) and Mamera (Corydalis stewartii). According to the local beliefs both the species has divine potential of healing injuries. According to one legend a gentle man injured on his foot, found nothing for first aid so he put tightly the leaves of the nearby herbs on his bleeding wound. On return to home he reopened the leaves dressing and it is told that there was no mark of the wound visible. The second legendary plant is Corydalis stewartii and according to local people the young of “Thora thethi” a black bird cannot open their eyes until they are administered by the twigs of Mamera. Both Mamera and Makhkak are locally used in 0pthalmic diseases and in healing wounds respectively. Makhkak is also administered against body weight. The dried powder of Randa jok (Alkana tenctoria) rhizomes are applied as topical antibiotics and are applied to chronic wounds. It is also considered as tonic in small amounts and is taken orally.
The area is malarious and is locally treated by taking fresh Shna Sperkayea ( Plectranthus ragosus) shoots, though its excess sometime causes injurious effects. The gastric flatulence and allergies are locally treated by the oral administration of powder of Tora Baiza (Adhatoda vasica). Norr-i-Alam (Polygonatum verticillatum) and Kukar Mar (Arisaema utile) are legendary herbs used as aphrodisiac, the latter needs special preparations whereas the former is of common use especially in the older people for enhancing sex capabilities. The root extract from Kaskye (Indigofera gerardiana) is given in dyspepsia. The latex of Aq Tandoryae (Calotropis procera) is used for regeneration of hairs specially in ploughing bulls. Thymus serphyllum, Ricinus communis and Aleovera (common herbs in the area) has broad medicinal applications but the local community has little knowledge of its use.
4. Construction Material:
Most of the settlements in Manikhel are katcha (Made of mud). The people live a semi-nomadic life style and their houses vary according to the prevailing conditions and duration of stay. For example the houses in the villages are mostly katcha, with typically wider stories, clay wall having bunkers inside. In high mountains meadows the houses are generally made of stone walls with the supporting woods inside, whereas in the southern plains the villages are generally in the form of caves inside the cliff arcs. These caves are locally known as Garyae, and really present a marvelous way of primitive life standard in the 21 century. Houses in the villages and in high mountains needs wood for their construction, but in Garyae no construction wood is needed except a hedge in its front to avoid the entrance of livestock or wolves at night time. For making houses the order of preferences varies with the function and availability/accessibility of wood. For pillars the most preferred wood is Olea followed by Oak, yew, walnut, blue pine and the least preferred is that of celtis and Bauhinia. For beams the order of preference remains the same. But for smaller cross beams the most preferred wood is that of Yew followed by Blue pine, Parroitopsis, Olea, Juglans, Quercus and others. For course packing the shoots of Olea, Oak and Taxus are the first preferences which are then covered with a layer of bushes like Plectranthus ragosus, Indigofera, Sophora, Peroskia and ferns in the descending order of preference locally.
Traditionally the houses in the Orakzai has the same basic plan of roofing i.e. a layer of fine bushes just below the clay cover, a layer of branches from trees, a layer of small cross beams and large beams supporting the whole roof
5 Fuel Wood:
Fuel wood is one of the most important basic needs in Orakzai Agency. It is exclusively fulfilled from the forests. The most preferred wood in the area is oak followed by Olea, Yew, bird cherry, willow, mulberries and walnuts etc. In Manikhel area felling in the forest is completely banned. Women go early in the morning to the forest and bring the lopped wood specially that of Oaks for their daily use. Besides these each and every plant which is otherwise useless is generally exposed to burning as fuel wood .Fuel wood selling provide earning base to the local community.
6 Cottage Industry:
Mazaryae (Nannorohps ritchieana) is the very important forest species used for making mats, hand fans, ropes and baskets. It is used in local practice or is collected and sold in the nearby markets as raw. A variety of grasses are used for the formation of baskets and decoration pieces locally.
7 Cash earning species:
Karkachoks (Marals) are generally collected by women and children from the forest, and sold in the market with handsome earning. The sweet fruits of Gurgoryae (Reptonia buxifolia) are collected and sold locally or supplied to Kohat and Peshawar. Similarly the walnuts are also sold with better rewards in the market.
8 Furniture and Agricultural tools:
For furniture walnuts are the most preferred wood, whereas the doors and windows etc. are generally made up of blue pine and cheer pine. Willows are used for making sleeping beds. Celtis wood is preferred for making yokes, whereas, most of the parts of the plough other than yokes are made of oaks i.e. for sticks and handles etc. Parroitopsis and cotoneaster are generally preferred.
9 Fodder species:
Livestock keeping is one of the vital economic source forming integral part of the traditional tribal community. It provides calories in the form of animal fats, milk, and its products and the essential proteins for the livelihood of the local people. It also yield earning through its trade and selling its products. A large number of plant species are used as feed by the domestic like sheep, goats, cattles, and donkeys (Appendix 1).
Traditionally the people have rotational system of grazing, forage production area and complete reserves, managing the ecosystem operational and productive.
10 Green Pesticides:
Pest control though expensive is inevitable for it hinder health and food production. It is an international problems and approximately one third of the world’s agricultural production is consumed annually for pest control (Agrios, 1978; Mc. Even, 1978), causing severe damages to the ecosystem locally and mankind globally. Millions of people exposes to the pesticide toxicity annually causing thousands of deaths and severe health losses to the remaining (Dinham, 1993). It was therefore, imperative to observe and record the traditional bio-technologies and local green pesticides for supplementing the synthetic pesticides on one hand and minimizing the health and economical losses on the other hand.
Orakzai people are still living with simple lives. The people are unaware of the use of synthetic pesticides for agricultural use. People traditionally use some plants for controlling pests. One of the most common green pesticides is a labiate locally known as Sensobyae (Peroskia artplicifolia). The rooms cleared with its broom repel the insects specially beats to stay there. The aqueous extract of Darshool (Chenopodium botrys) is applied to hairs for killing lice. The latex of Aq Tandoryea(Calotropis procera) is considered as topical fungicide and is widely applied against the ring worm’s locally. Its latex is applied to the necks of bulls for the regeneration of hairs. The shoots of Vitex negundo is locally considered as a strong insecticide. It is placed within the stored grains and successfully avoids store grain insects without causing losses to the stores grain quality. Most of the veterinary pathogens are traditionally treated with local herbs.
Table 1: Key to the plant use description as given in appendix I.
AT |
Agricultural Tools |
FN |
Fish Poison |
S |
Spice |
B |
Beverage |
FC |
Fishing Check |
SA |
Snuff Ash |
BE |
Beeds |
FU |
Furniture |
R |
Resin |
BR |
Broom |
GP |
Green Pesticide |
RS |
Root Stock |
BA |
Bee Attractants |
HP |
Hedge Plant |
SB |
Soil Binder |
C |
Construction |
I |
Ink |
SF |
Soil Fertility |
CH |
Charcoal |
IP |
Incense/Perfume |
SP |
Shade Plant |
CP |
Cash Plant |
L |
Light |
SH |
Sticks/Handles |
D |
Dye |
M |
Miswak |
SR |
Soil Reclamation |
DF |
Dry Fruit |
MP |
Medicinal Plant |
SM |
Smoking Medicine |
F |
Fence |
O |
Ornamental |
T |
Timber |
FO |
Forage |
P |
Paper |
U |
Utensil |
FP |
Fodder Plant |
PH |
Pot Herb |
WB |
Wind Break |
FS |
Fiber Species |
PN |
Poison |
WF |
Wild Fruit |
FW |
Fuel Wood |
PR |
Packing/Rope |
WC |
Wood Carving |
Discussion
The use of plants for the existence of human being is as old a practice as the human race itself. The accumulation of knowledge of plant use however co-evolved with human civilization through the experiential use of plants, generation after generation. The people of Manikhel area like most other people would have remained exposed to epidemic, endemic and chronic diseases, besides acute ailments. They would have also experienced variety of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases causing damages to them, their crops and livestock. They were therefore forced to adopt preventive measures of seasonal transhumance on one hand and on the other hand the traditional system of local recipes has been evolved. Centuries of experience of management of natural resources of the people of the area has developed indicators to monitor changes in vegetation/floristic and have thereby changed their habits accordingly. The religious and cultural norms of the area have also contributed much to the health and environment of the area.
Historically the forest resources of the area are distributed among various clans of Orakzai, Manikhel is one of them, are lucky enough who have conserved their forest upto a larger extent. The conservation measures called “BANDANR” and “rotational grazing” employed for the sustainable utilization in traditional ways has proved quite helpful in maintaining the nature intact. The ideal sites for recording the compositions of bio-diversity in the forests are the area near Garoo Toi (995m) and Adidar forests (2400m) on the south and north aspects respectively.
The practices of sustainable utilization of natural resources with the passage of time are diffused in the local culture and are locally respected in emotional and religious zeal. Religious norms in this area have also provided some protection to the local forests of Mehrab Shahi hills are protected due to sacredness of the area where a local Buzarg (saint) had spent a part of his life in this forest. Due to this reason entry into the forest is very limited and it is only exploited for bush foods such as Karkachok (morals), wild fruits, seeds, leaves flowers, rhizomes, honey, and Shishtaryae (mushrooms) etc., but spiritually it is completely banned for its exploitation in the form of bush meat and forest trees. Hence the Mehrab Shahi forest exhibits a best resource of non timber forest products locally.
Besides the religious exercises the traditional cultures has a great influence in maintaining the local ecosystem. For example rangelands observed during this survey have luxuriant growth of grasses which were banned for grazing as well as for forage extraction. Some selected areas are used for grazing and still other for forage production and all of these areas change their position after the declared period of rotation and hence when it becomes necessary, the conservation practices are employed and are then respected and observed sacredly due to the traditional norms. During the survey period it was realized that as BANDANR was employed on cutting Sraf (Taxus buccata) and Ghouz (Juglans regia) it is observed strictly. For example no one can cut these trees and its rotting wood is also banned for use by the local community. The branches of Sraf can be used only for the construction of roofs of communal places such as Hujras and mosques. Though both the species are the first priority for construction and furniture respectively, but due to the complete ban on walnut trees, it can only be observed in older constructions whereas Yew branches can only be seen in the roofs of Hujras and mosques.
The people are too simple, straightforward and dedicated to their tribal decisions and their committed ness can be realized from a decision when Manikhel sold the Walnuts in their forests for Rs.0.9 million for the extraction of root bark without damaging the trees. The contractor collected Dandasa (root bark) from the roots of wild walnut trees though causing no apparent damage to the trees at that time, but the countless walnut trees felled in the proceeding winter causing damage to other flora as well. The forest is still felled with the rotting wood of walnuts. The local people only take its advantage in the form of mushroom collection growing on it. The dried decaying wood of walnut is still banned for everyone providing recycling base for the forest flora and shelter & food for the forest fauna.
References
Agrios, G.N.1978. Plant Pathology. Academic press, New York.
Anonymous. 1997. Herbal Medicines, the Networks 6(3):1-2.
Falconer, J. 1992. Non Timber Forest Products in southern Ghana, a summary report. ODA forestry series No 2. ODA94 victoria street, London.
Hamayun, M. 2003. Ethnobotanical studies of some useful shrubs and trees of District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC, USA.
Hamayun, M., A, Khan and M. A. Khan. 2003. Common medicinal folk recipes of District Buner, NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC, USA.
Hamayun, M., M. A. Khan and S. Begum. 2003. Marketing of medicinal plants of Utror-Gabral Valleys, Swat, Pakistan. Journal of ethnobotanical leaflets, SIUC, USA.
McEven, F.L. 1978. Food production: The challenge of pesticides, Bioscience 28:773-777.
Appendix 1: Ethnobotanical information regarding the potential species of Mani-khel forests
Sl.# |
Botanical Name |
Local Name |
Family |
Folk Uses |
1. |
Acacia modesta wall |
Palosa |
Mimosaceae |
FW, FP, MP, HP, F |
2. |
Acacia catechu wall |
Kikar |
Mimosaceae |
FW, FP, HP, F |
3. |
Acer caesium Wall.ex.Brand |
Shanda wanyae |
Aceraceae |
O, FW |
4. |
Achyranthus aspera L. |
Buch Kanda |
Amaranthaceae |
MP, FP |
5. |
Albezia lebbeck (L) Benth |
Srekh |
Mimosaceae |
FW, FP |
6. |
Adhatoda vasica Nees. |
Bezya |
Acanthaceae |
FW, MP |
7. |
Adiantum cappillus veneris L. |
Bar sumbal |
Adiantaceae |
MP, SP, U |
8. |
A. incisum Forsk |
Barsumbal |
Adiantaceae |
MP, SB |
9. |
A. venustum D. Don |
Bbozayae |
Adaintaceae |
MP, SB |
10. |
Agaris campestris L. |
Kholkae |
Acgaricaceae |
PN, S, R |
11. |
Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle |
Asli shandai |
Simarubaceae |
FW, FP, SB, WB, FU, F |
12. |
Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex. Benth |
Soor Boutai |
Lmiaceae |
MP, |
13. |
A. parviflora Beth |
Tarkha booti |
Lamiaceae |
MP, FN, |
14. |
Allium ascalonium L. |
Piazakae |
Alliaceae |
MP,S |
15. |
Aloe vera Mill |
Zahar boutyae |
Liliaceae |
MP |
16. |
Onosoma sp. |
Ratan Jok |
Boraginaceae |
MP |
17. |
Amaranthus caudatus L. |
Chalwai |
Amaranthaceae |
PH, FP, FO |
18. |
Anethum sowa Roxb. Ex. Flem |
Sawah |
Umbeliferaceae |
MP |
19. |
Anthoroxan pronodes Steud. |
Gaya |
Poaceae |
FP, FO |
20. |
Arisema utile Hook.fex.Schott |
Kukar mar |
Araceae |
MP, PN |
21. |
A. tortuosum |
Kukar mar |
Araceae |
MP, PN |
22. |
Artimisia miritima L. |
Tarkha |
Astraceae |
MP, PN, GP, SB |
23. |
A. scopania L. |
Jaokae |
Astraceae |
MP, GP, BR, FW |
24. |
Aristida adscensionis |
Mashkar |
Poaceae |
FP, FO, BR |
25. |
Asparagus adscendens |
Thindorae |
Liliaceae |
M, MP |
26. |
Astragalus anisacanthus |
Mamol |
Liliaceae |
MP, M |
27. |
A. phyrrhotrichus Boiss. |
Mamol |
Liliaceae |
MP, M |
28. |
A. psilocentros Fisch |
- |
Liliaceae |
MP, M |
29. |
Atropa accuminata Royle ex. Lindl. |
Barkak |
Solanaceae |
MP, PN |
30. |
Avena Fatua L. |
Jamdarae |
Poaceae |
FP, FO |
31. |
Bauhinia varriegata |
Karyal |
Caesalpinaceae |
PH, FW, SP, FU |
32. |
Berberis vulgaris |
Zark |
Berberidaceae |
MP, F, FW |
33. |
Berberis lycium |
Zark azghayae |
Berberidaceae |
MP, F, FW |
34. |
Berginia ciliata (Haw) Scernb. |
Gat panra |
Saxifragaceae |
MP, O |
35. |
Brumus japanicus Thum ex. Murr |
Jaokae |
Paceae |
FP, FO |
36. |
Buxus wallichiana Baill. |
Shamshad |
Buxaceae |
MP, FW, U |
37. |
Calendula arvensis L. |
Ziar Gulae |
Astraceae |
MP |
38. |
Calendula officinalis L. |
Ziar Gulae |
Astraceae |
MP |
39. |
Calotropis procera (Wild) R.Br. |
Ak Thandorayae |
Aecelpediaceae |
MP, PN |
40. |
Cannabis sativa L. |
Bang |
Cannabidaceae |
MP, SH, FS |
41. |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik |
Bambesa |
Brassicaceae |
FP, MP |
42. |
Carrisa ophaca |
Khkar Mewa |
Carricaceae |
WF, FP, FW, HP, F |
43. |
Carthamus oxycantha L. |
Kareza |
Astaraceae |
MP |
44. |
Celtis australis L. |
Tagha |
Ulmaceae |
MP, AT, FU, SP |
45. |
Celtis leavigata Wild. |
- |
Ulmaceae |
WF,U |
46. |
Chrysopogon aucheri |
Spin wakha |
Poaceae |
FP, FO, PR |
47. |
Chrysopogon montanus Trin. |
Spin wakha |
Poaceae |
FP, FO, PR |
48. |
Chinopodium album L. |
Sarmae |
Chenopodiaceae |
PH, MP, FP |
49. |
Chenopodium botrys L. (Trev) Vis. |
Darshool |
Chenopodiaceae |
MP |
50. |
Cenchrus pennisetiformis (Hoechest) Stued |
Pisho Lamyae |
Poaceae |
FP, FO |
51. |
Cenchrus cilliaris |
Pisho Lamyae |
Poaceae |
FP, FO |
52. |
Cichorium intybus L. |
Shin guluk |
Astraceae |
PH, MP |
53. |
Clematis orientalis L. |
Zelai |
Ranunculaceae |
MP |
54. |
Corydalis stewartii Fedde |
Mamera |
Papveraceae |
MP |
55. |
Cotoneaster affinis (Lindl.) Schn |
Kharawa |
Rosaceae |
MP,FW |
56. |
Cotoneaster microphylla Wall. |
Kharawa |
Rosaceae |
MP, FW, WF |
57. |
Cotoneaster numularia Fisah Mey. |
Mamanra |
Rosaceae |
MP, FW |
58. |
Cotinus coggyria Scop. |
Miswakae |
Anacardiaceae |
MP, FW, SB |
59. |
Crataegus oxycantha HK. F |
Ghwanza |
Rosaceae |
MP, FW, F |
60. |
Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. |
Nela Danai |
Convolvulaceae |
GP, FP |
61. |
Cynodon dactylon |
Kabal |
Poaceae |
FP, FO, O |
62. |
Dicliptera blupiroides Nees. |
Oodi gulae |
Acanthaceae |
FP, FO |
63. |
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. |
Shawa |
Papilionaceae |
FW, R, C, U, FU |
64. |
Daphne papaveracae |
Leghonae |
Thymeleaceae |
MP, FW |
65. |
Datura stramonium L. |
Tura |
Solanaceae |
MP |
66. |
Datura metal |
Tura |
Solanaceae |
MP |
67. |
Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf. |
Drab |
Poaceae |
FP, FO |
68. |
Diospyrus lotus |
Amlok |
Ebenaceae |
FW, AT, SP, F, FU |
69. |
Dodonia viscosa (L>) Jacq |
Ghwarawonyae |
Sapindaceae |
FW, PR, F |
70. |
Elaeguns umbellata Thumb |
Ghanamranga |
Elegnaceae |
WF, FW, MP, F, HP |
71. |
Euphorbia hirta |
- |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP |
72. |
Euphorbia prostata |
Warmaga |
Euphorbiaceae |
MP |
73. |
Ficus glomerata |
Urmal |
Moraceae |
WF |
74. |
Ficus palmata |
Inzar |
Moraceae |
WF, FP, FW |
75. |
Fragaria indica Andrews |
Tha Bouti Manzakha |
Rosaceae |
MP, WF |
76. |
Fragaria nubicola Lindl. |
Tha Bouti Manzakha |
Rosaceae |
WF, MP |
77. |
Fraxinus excurlsior L. |
Khang |
Oleaceae |
FP, WF, HP |
78. |
Fumaria indica (Haussk) Pugsly. |
Papra |
Papaveraceae |
MP, FP, FO |
79. |
Grewia optiva Drum Ex. Burret |
Pastha Wanyae |
Tiliaceae |
FP, WF, FW, C, F |
80. |
Gymnosporia spinosa (Forsk.) Fiori (Syn G. royleana Wall) |
Gandejareyae |
Celastraceae |
HP, FW, FS |
81. |
Hedra hilex L. |
Prewatyae |
Araliaceae |
FP, MP |
82. |
Hypericum perforatum L. |
Shin chai |
Guttiferaceae |
B, MP |
83. |
Impatiens brachycentra Kar & ker |
Thor lakayae |
Balsaminaceae |
FP, MP, D |
84. |
Impatiens edgeworthii Hook |
Thor lakayae |
Balsaminaceae |
D, FP, MP |
85. |
Impatiens flemingi |
Thor lakayae |
Balsaminaceae |
D, FP, MP, WF |
86. |
Indigofera weithii |
Ghwareja |
Papiolionaceae |
FP |
87. |
Jasminium humile. |
Prewatyae |
Oleaceae |
FW, D, O, IP |
88. |
Jasminum officinale |
Prewatyae |
Oleaceae |
FW, D, O, IP |
89. |
Juglans regia L. |
Ghouz |
Juglandaceae |
WF, FP, MP, FS, AT, SP, S, O, DF, M, SM |
90. |
Malva neglecta Wallr. |
Panerak |
Malvaceae |
FP, PH, FO |
91. |
Malva sylvestris |
Panerak. |
Malvaceae |
FP, PH, FO, MP |
92. |
Matricaria chmomilla L. |
|
Astraceae |
MP |
93. |
Mallotus philippensis Muell Arg. |
Kambela |
Euphorrbiaceae |
FP, MP, FW, SP, FU |
94. |
Malvastrum coramondilianum |
Gaya |
Malvaceae |
MP, FW, FP D |
95. |
Melia azedarech L. |
Draka. |
Meliaceae |
F, MP, FW, SP, FU |
96. |
Mentha longifolia |
|
Lamiaceae |
MP |
97. |
Mentha spicata |
Nanalyea. |
Lamiaceae |
B, MP, S |
98. |
Mentha sylvestris |
Nanalyea. |
Lamiaceae |
B, MP, S |
99. |
Micromeria biflora (Ham) Bth. |
Narey Shamakey. |
Lamiaceae |
MP, BA |
100. |
Morus alba L. |
Baidanaa. |
Moraceae |
WF, FP, MP, FW, AT, WB, SP, F, FU |
101. |
Morus nigra |
Thoot. |
Moraceae |
WF, MP, FP, FW, AT, FO, F, FU |
102. |
Myrsine africana |
Maraghoneyea. |
Myrsinaceae |
MP, FW, C |
103. |
Nanorrhophs ritchieana H. Wendl. |
Mazaryae |
Palmaceae |
WP, PR, FU, BR, U |
104. |
Nasturtium officinale R.Br. |
Sharyea. |
Brassicaceae |
PH, FP, MP |
105. |
Nasturtium microphyllum Boen.ex.Reichb. |
Sharyea. |
Brassicaceae |
PH, FP, MP |
106. |
Olea ferruginea Royle |
Khona. |
Oleaceae |
WF, FP, FW, AT, SP, C |
107. |
Onopordeum acanthium L. |
Wrejakai. |
Asteraceae |
FP, MP |
108. |
Origanum vulgase L. |
Shamakai. |
Lamiaceae |
MP, C |
109. |
Oxalis corniculata L. |
Manzakin Tarokey. |
Linaceae |
FP, S, IP |
110. |
Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana (Done) Rehder. |
Pechoo |
Hamamelidaceae |
FW, PR, SH, C |
111. |
Peroskia artiplicifolia Benthg |
Sensobyae |
Lbiateae |
GB, MP, BR |
112. |
Phragmites communis Trin |
Sharghashyae |
Poaceae |
U |
113. |
Pimpinella diversifolia (Wall) DC |
Desi Zankai |
Pinaceae |
MP, S, FU |
114. |
Pinus roxberghii |
Nakhtar |
Pinaceae |
FW, WF, L, SB, O, T, R, F |
115. |
Pinus wallichiana |
Nakhtar |
Pinaceae |
FW, L, SB, O, T, R, F |
116. |
Pistacia integerrima Stewart |
Shnai |
Pistaciaceae |
FP, MP, FW, F |
117. |
Pistacia khinjik |
Shnai |
Pistaciaceae |
WF, F, FW, FP |
118. |
Phytolacca lathenia (Mog) Walt. |
Tamakoo saag |
Phytolocaceae |
PH, MP, D, I |
119. |
Plantigo lanceolata L. |
Jabbai |
Plantaginaceae |
MP, FP |
120. |
Plantigo major L. |
Chawayo Jabai |
Plantaginaceae |
MP, FP |
121. |
Plectranthus ragosus |
Spina baiza |
Lamiaceae |
MP, FP, BA |
122. |
Polygonum amplexicaul |
- |
Latiaceae |
|
123. |
Polygonatum verticillatum All |
Nooi Alam |
Latiaceae |
MP, FP |
124. |
Podophyllum emodi Wall. |
Soor Marchakai |
Podophyllaceae |
MP |
125. |
Polygonum aviculare |
Palpolak |
Polygonaceae |
MP, FN |
126. |
Prangos pobularia Lindl. |
Kamasla Zankai |
Umbillefereae |
MP |
127. |
Portulaca oleraceae L. |
Warkharai |
Portulaceae |
PH, MP |
128. |
Prunus cornuta |
Nangawar |
Rosaceae |
FW, F, DF |
129. |
Punica granatum |
Anangorae |
Punicaceae |
WF, FW, F |
130. |
Pteridium equilinum (L) Kuhn. |
Kwanae |
Dennstaediaceae |
PH, CP |
131. |
Pyrus pashia |
Tanga |
Rosaceae |
RS |
132. |
Quercus ilex |
Khara serai |
Fagaceae |
FW, F, CH, C |
133. |
Quercus dilatata Lindl. |
Ghwara serai |
Facgaceae |
WF, FP, FW, F, CH, C |
134. |
Rananculus muricatus |
Quazi ban |
Rununculaceae |
MP, FP |
135. |
Ricinus communis |
Asila harhanda |
Euphorbiaceae |
FW, SB, F, HP |
136. |
Robinia pseudocaciaL. |
Kikar |
Papilionaceae |
FP, FW, F, HP |
137. |
Rosa brunonii Lindl (Syn. R. moschata J. Herrm) |
Thandorayae |
Rosaceae |
HP, FC |
138. |
Rubus fruticosus |
Karwara |
Rosaceae |
WF, MP, F, FU |
139. |
Rubus sanctus |
Largai manzakha |
Rosaceae |
WF, MP, F |
140. |
Rumex acetosa L. |
Tarokai |
Pohygonaceae |
PH, MP |
141. |
Rumex dentatus |
Shlkhi |
Pohygonaceae |
PH, MP |
142. |
Rumex nepalensis |
Zanda |
Pohygonaceae |
PH, MP |
143. |
Sacchrum monja Roxb. |
Nal |
Poaceae |
SB, HP, U |
144. |
Sacchrum spontaneum L. |
Sharghashae |
Poaceae |
SB, U |
145. |
Salix babylonica L. |
Asila wala |
Salicaceae |
SB, SP, FP, FW |
146. |
Salvia lanata Roxb |
- |
Lamiaceae |
MP |
147. |
Salvia mubicala |
- |
Lamiaceae |
MP |
148. |
Sarcococca saligna |
Ladanr |
Buxaceae |
MP, FW |
149. |
Sedum ewersii Ledeb. |
The Gat warkharae |
Crasulaceae |
MP |
150. |
Solanum nigrum L. |
Tore ninae |
Solanaceae |
PH, MP |
151. |
Solanum xanthocarpum (Schard & Wendl.) |
Mara ghoonae |
Solanaceae |
MP |
152. |
Soncus asper L. |
Shawda pai |
Leguminaceae |
FP |
153. |
Sorghum helepense (L.) Pers. |
Dadam |
Rosaceae |
FP, FO |
154. |
Stychus parviflora Benth |
Sper bootae |
Labiataceae |
MP, FW |
155. |
Taraxucyn officinale Weber. |
Ziar gwalae |
Tamaricaceae |
MP |
156. |
Taxus buccata L. |
Srap |
Taxaceae |
FP, FW, AT, C |
157. |
Tecoma crucigera (L.) Bureau |
Lowar |
Begnonicaceae |
FW, O |
158. |
Thalictrum faleoneri |
Mamera |
Combritaceae |
MP |
159. |
Thalictrum minus |
Mamera |
Combritaceae |
MP |
160. |
Thymus helepens |
Pannay/Mray |
|
MP |
161. |
Tribulus terristris L. |
Markoondai |
Zygophyllaceae |
MP |
162. |
Utrica dioca L. |
Lewane seznak |
Utricaceae |
PH, MP |
163. |
Utrica pilulefora L. |
Sezoonkai |
Utricaceae |
MP |
164. |
Valeriana jatamansi Jones |
Makhkak |
Velerianaceae |
MP |
165. |
Varbascum thapsus L. |
Khar dag |
Scrophulariaceae |
MP |
166. |
Veronica ciburia (L.) Less |
Shamakae |
Scrophulariaceae |
MP |
167. |
Viburnum cotinifolium Wall ex.D.Don |
Ghamzewa |
Caprifoliaceae |
WF, MP, F, HP |
168. |
Viola serpens Wall |
Banafsha |
Violaceae |
MP, PH |
169. |
Vitex negundo L. |
Marwandai |
Verbenaceae |
MP, GP |
170. |
Withania sommifera Dunal |
- |
Solanaceae |
MP, PN |
171. |
Xanthium strumarium L. |
Gishkae |
Asteraceae |
MP, FW |
172. |
Zizypus jujuba Lam |
Bera |
Rhamnaceae |
WF, HP, FW, AT |