Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Flower Extracts of Cassia auriculata
November 12, 2024
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Flower Extracts of Cassia auriculata
Maneemegalai¹ and T. Naveen²
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University College for Women, Orathanadu – 614 625, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Prince Shri Venkateshwara Arts and Science College, Gowrivakkam, Chennai – 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India
Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]
Issued: January 01, 2010
Abstract
Since plants are used as therapeutic agents, the present study was conducted to evaluate the phytochemical profile and antibacterial activities of flower extracts of Cassia auriculata. Studies on the antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of dry flower and ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts of fresh flower of Cassia auriculata was conducted using agar disc diffusion method. The microorganisms used include Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysentrae. The maximum activity was observed against all organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 12.5mg/mL and 75mg/mL depending on microorganism and various extract. Presence of phytochemicals such as terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, saponin, cardiac glycosides and steroids were observed. Cassia auriculata was observed to have antibacterial activity and can be used for medicinal purposes.
Keywords: Acetone extract, bacteria, Cassia auriculata, ethanol extract, methanol extract, phytochemicals.
Introduction
With the rising prevalence of microorganism showing resistance to antibiotics, there is an urgency to develop new antimicrobial compounds. Since antiquity, plants have been used to treat common infectious diseases. The healing potential of many plants have been utilized by Indian traditional medicines like Siddha, Ayurvedha and Unani. Being nontoxic and easily affordable, there has been a resurgence in the consumption and demand for medicinal plants (Jayashree and Maneemegalai, 2008).
Cassia auriculata L. commonly known as tanners cassia, also known as �avaram� in Tamil language is a shrub belongs to the Caesalpiniaceae family. The shrub is specially famous for its attractive yellow flowers which are used in the treatment of skin disorders and body odour. It is widely used in traditional medicine for rheumatism, conjunctivitis and diabetes. It has many medicinal properties. Its bark is used as an astringent, leaves and fruits anthelminthic, seeds used to treat in eye troubles and root employed in skin diseases ( Siva and Krishnamurthy,2005). It is also used for the treatment of ulcers, leprosy and liver disease ( Kumar et al., 2002). The antidiabetic, hypolipidemic ( Umadevi et al., 2006) and antioxidant ( Kumaran and Joel, 2007) and hepatoprotective ( Kumar et al., 2003) effect of Cassia auriculata have been reported. It was also observed that flower and leaf extract of Cassia auriculata shown to have antipyretic activity (Vedavathy and Rao, 1991).
The aim of the present study was to determine the antibacterial activity of various extracts of Cassia auriculata flowers which is having traditional claims for several diseases
Materials and Methods
Plant Material
The flowers of Cassia auriculata were collected from Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India and authenticated by Prof. P. Jayaraman, Director of Plant Anatomy Research Centre (PARC) Chennai- 600 045, following identification a voucher specimen of the plant was deposited in the herbarium of Plant Anatomy Research Centre (PARC 2007/92). The flowers were examined carefully and old, infected, and fungus damaged flowers were removed. Extracts were prepared from dried and also from fresh flower. Healthy flowers were spread out and dried at room temperature for about ten days and ground into fine powder using electric blender.
Preparation of Extracts
Extract from Dried Flower
Methanol extract was prepared by taking 50 g of Cassia auriculata dried flower powder in a separate container, to this 200mL of methanol was added and kept for 24 h in a shaker. Filtered through eight layers of muslin cloth and extract was collected, the extraction process was repeated twice. The collected extracts were pooled. Ethanol extract was prepared like methanol extract. Water extract was prepared by taking 50 g of Cassia auriculata flower powder in a separate container, to this 200mL of water was added and boiled for 2 h in a mild heat and kept for 24 h. Then filtered and extract was collected. The extraction process was repeated twice. Then the collected filtrates were pooled ( Akpulu et al., 1994).
Extract from Fresh Flower
50g of fresh flower of Cassia auriculata was ground with 200mL of acetone and kept in a shaker for 24 h and then filtered and the extract was collected. The procedure was repeated twice. Like the same way methanol and ethanol extracts were prepared using 100ml of solvents.
The various extracts of Cassia auriculata flower were concentrated using vacuum evaporator and dried at 60 C. The dried extract powder was used for the study and screened against selected bacterial strains.
Phytochemical Screening
Phytochemical screening of plant extract was carried out qualitatively for the presence of terpenoids, tannin, flavonoids, saponin, cardiac glycosides and steroids ( Faraz et al., 2003; Harborne, 1998; Edeogo et al., 2005).
Antibacterial Assay
Microorganisms Tested
The organisms used for this study include Staphylococcus aureus-ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis-ATCC 29212, Bacillus subtilis-ATCC 9372, Salmonella typhi-MTCC 531, Salmonella paratyphi A-MTCC 735, Escherichia coli- MTCC 1687, Proteus mirabilis- MTCC 425, Pseudomonas aeruginosa-ATCC 27853, Klebsiella pneumoniae- MTCC 618, Vibrio cholerae- Clinical isolate and Shigella dysentrae-Clinical isolate were obtained from Department of Microbiology, Prince Shri Venkateshwara Arts and Science College, Gowrivakkam, Chennai, India.
In Vitro Determination of Antibacterial Activity
Stock cultures were maintained at 4 C on slants of nutrient agar. Active cultures for experiments were prepared by transferring a loopful of colonies from the stock culture to peptone water and incubated for 4h at 37 C. Antibacterial activity was determined by agar disc diffusion method ( Bauer et al., 1966) . Standard suspension of bacteria was inoculated on the surface of Muller-Hinton (Himedia) agar plates. Dimethyl Sulphoxide and Methanol (1:1) was used to dissolve the plant extract. Sterilized filter paper discs (5mm) containing 20 L of each extract (100mg/mL) were arranged on the surface of the inoculated plates and incubated at 37 C for 18-24h. Along with this 30 g tetracycline disc (Himedia standard) was studied for antimicrobial activity as a positive control whereas the solvent used for preparing extract was used as a negative control. At the end of incubation, inhibition zones formed around the disc were measured with Himedia zone scale. The study was performed in triplicate and the mean values were presented.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined by broth dilution assay. Varying concentrations of the extracts (200mg/mL, 150mg/mL, 100mg/mL, 50mg/mL, 25mg/mL and 12.5mg/mL) were prepared. 0.1mL of each concentration was added to each 9mL of nutrient broth containing 0.1mL of standardized test organism of bacterial cells. The tubes were incubated at 37 C for 24h. Positive controls were equally set up by using solvents and test organisms without extracts. The tube with least concentration of extract without growth after incubation was taken and recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentration ( Atata et al., 2003).
Results and Discussion
The study showed the medicinal activities of Cassia auriculata extracts. The % yield and phytochemicals present are summarized below:
Table 1. % Yield of Various Extracts of Cassia auriculata
| Extract | Dry Flower (%) | Fresh Flower (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Methanol | 14 | 16 |
| Ethanol | 15.5 | 17 |
| Acetone | – | 15 |
| Aqueous | 12 | – |
Terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were present in all extracts of Cassia auriculata. Tannins were present in ethanol and acetone extract but absent in methanol and aqueous extract. Flavonoids and steroids were present in ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts where as saponin was found to be present in ethanol, methanol and aqueous extracts of Cassia auriculata. Presence of phytochemicals saponins, tannins ( Balasooriya et al., 1982; Sabu and Subburaju,2002) in Cassia auriculata have been reported. Antibacterial activity of phytochemicals flavonoids ( Tsuchiya et al., 1996), saponin( Soetan et al., 2006) and cardiac glycosides ( Ebana et al., 1991) isolated from plant materials have been studied. The antibacterial activity of Cassia auriculata flower suggests that the extract contains the effective active phytochemicals responsible for the elimination of microorganisms.
Table 2. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals in the flower extract of Cassia auriculata.
| Phytochemicals | Ethanol Extract | Methanol Extract | Acetone Extract | Aqueous Extract |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terpenoids | + | + | + | + |
| Tannins | + | – | + | – |
| Flavonoids | + | + | + | WP |
| Saponin | + | + | WP | + |
| Cardiac Glycosides | + | + | + | + |
| Steroids | + | + | + | – |
EE = Ethanol extract, ME= Methanol extract, AE = Aqueous extract, AqE = Aqueous extract, WP = Weakly positive.
Invitro antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol extracts of dry and fresh flowers, aqueous extract of dry and acetone extracts of fresh flowers of Cassia auriculata were observed in Table 3.
Table 3. In vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol, and aqueous extracts of dry flowers and ethanol, methanol, and acetone extracts of fresh flowers of Cassia auriculata.
(Values are the mean of three replicates.)
| Organisms | Dry Flower | Fresh Flower | TC (30 µg) | DMSO
(20 µL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EE (2 mg) | ME (2 mg) | AqE (2 mg) | EE (2 mg) | |
| Zone of Inhibition (mm) | ||||
| S. aureus | 15 | 16 | 18 | 13 |
| E. faecalis | 17 | 18 | 18 | 16 |
| B. subtilis | 12 | 12 | 13 | 9 |
| S. typhi | 17 | 16 | 13 | 16 |
| S. paratyphi A | 16 | 15 | 14 | 14 |
| E. coli | 11 | 15 | 18 | 9 |
| P. mirabilis | 14 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| P. aeruginosa | 7 | 7 | 7 | 9 |
| K. pneumonia | 6 | 8 | 7 | 7 |
| V. cholerae | 17 | 17 | 9 | 15 |
| S. dysenteriae | 13 | 18 | 15 | 17 |
Legend:
EE = Ethanol extract, ME = Methanol extract, AqE = Aqueous extract, AE = Acetone extract, TC = Tetracycline, DMSO = Dimethyl Sulphoxide: Methanol
The extracts were found to have maximum activity against all organisms except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Acetone extracts of fresh flower was found to have maximum activity compared to ethanol and methanol extracts against all microorganisms except Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aqueous extract of dry flower of Cassia auriculata was shown to have minimum activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae. The present investigation confirmed the antimicrobial activity of flower extract of Cassia auriculata. Perumalsamy and Ignacimuthu(2000) reported that the leaf extracts of Cassia auriculata exhibited significant broad spectrum activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial activity of Cassia auriculata flower extract has been observed by Narayanan et al.,(2007). The extract of Cassia auriculata was found to have potent microbicidal activity against the E.coli in poultry ( Prakash,2006). In this study ethanol and methanol extract of dry and fresh flower, aqueous extract of dry flower, acetone extract of fresh flower was found to have higher inhibitory activities against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella dysentrae when compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged between 12.5mg/mL and 75mg/mL depending on microorganism and various extracts were shown in Table 4. The result of minimum inhibitory concentration suggests that ethanol and aqueous extract of fresh flower of Cassia auriculata could possibly act as a bactericidal agent to these microorganism. Except Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A all other microorganisms were inhibited by the lowest concentration (12.5mg/mL) of ethanol and methanol extract of dry flower.
Table 4. Minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanol, methanol extracts of dry flowers and ethanol, methanol, and acetone extracts of fresh flowers of Cassia auriculata against microorganisms.
(Values are the mean of three replicates.)
| Organisms | Dry Flower (mg/mL) | Fresh Flower (mg/mL) |
|---|---|---|
| EE | ME | |
| S. aureus | 75 | 50 |
| E. faecalis | 25 | 75 |
| B. subtilis | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| S. typhi | 50 | 50 |
| S. paratyphi A | 50 | 50 |
| E. coli | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| P. mirabilis | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| P. aeruginosa | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| K. pneumonia | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| V. cholerae | 12.5 | 12.5 |
| S. dysenteriae | 12.5 | 12.5 |
Legend:
EE = Ethanol extract, ME = Methanol extract, AE = Acetone extract.
Conclusion
The present study exhibited the antibacterial effect of various extracts of Cassia auriculata. The inhibitory effect of the extract justified the medicinal use of Cassia auriculata and further study is required to find out the active component of medicinal value.
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